"Diagnostic Study, Performed"

The time the data element was entered into the clinical software. Note, some datatypes include both relevant dateTime and author dateTime attributes. When both are present, author dateTime is included to accommodate negation rationale.

The author dateTime addresses when an activity is documented. Documentation can occur at the beginning, during, at the end, or subsequent to the end of the activity. The author dateTime should be used only if the relevantPeriod cannot be obtained or to represent the time negation rationale is documented.

Note: negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.

• Examples include: specific questions included in assessments, tests included in a laboratory test panel, observations included in a cardiac exam during a physical examination. Each assessment, diagnostic study, laboratory test, physical exam, or procedure may have one or more components.
• components also reference specific details about encounter diagnoses such as those that are presentOnAdmission and those with a rank=1 (i.e., those representing the principal diagnosis.

• "Encounter, Performed": Inpatient Admission, facility locations
  • ICU (locationPeriod)
  • Non-ICU Admission (locationPeriod)
  • Rehab (locationPeriod)

A categorical assessment of an observation value. For example, high, low, normal, critical high, critical low.

This attribute is consistent with the FHIR observation.interpretation element and should be routinely available for laboratory tests that include critical flags. However, measure developers should carefully evaluate and test feasibility for interpretation of findings related to imaging studies ("Diagnostic Study, Performed") or evaluation instruments ("Assessment, Performed"). Some specialty societies have determined that natural language processing at sites provide structured data about interpretation and, therefore, it is included in QDM version 5.6 for "Diagnostic Study, Performed" and "Assessment, Performed" to enable testing especially since FHIR-based measures will have similar capabilities.

Indicates the reason that an action was not performed. Only QDM datatypes that represent actions (e.g., performed, recommended, communication, order, dispensed) allow the negation rationale attribute. The intent is to indicate a justification that such action did not happen as expected. This attribute specifically does not address the presence or absence of information in a clinical record (e.g., documented absence of allergies versus lack of documentation about allergies). QDM assumes a world view that absence of evidence indicates information does not exist or an action did not happen. To express such lack of evidence, an eCQM author should use the CQL expression not exists with reference to the data element rather than the QDM data model. negation rationale in QDM signifies only a reason for such absence, i.e., the reason must be present to qualify for negation rationale. The syntax in the human readable HQMF is addressed in CQL examples and in the MAT User Guide. Prior versions of QDM used the syntax, Procedure, Performed not done. QDM versions starting with 5.3 use the syntax, Procedure, not Performed. Section A-5 provides examples for expressing negation rationale in CQL.

Note: negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.

For updated guidance and implementer feedback regarding use of the QDM negation rationale attribute see Section 6.6.

The performer is the person or organization that is responsible for the action (e.g., the individual or organization carrying out the activity). The performer references a QDM entity and any or all of the attributes of the selected QDM entity. For example, to reference that a physician who performed a procedure is the same person who was the primary participant in an Encounter and assure the physician’s specialty meets the measure’s requirements, the eCQM can reference the Practitioner entity and its attributes. Should the eCQM choose to reference a physician practice or a hospital, the performer can reference the Organization entity and indicate the identifier and/or the organization type.

[See Sections 2.6 and 4.2 for description of Entities]

The thought process or justification for the datatype. In some measures, specific treatments are acceptable inclusion criteria only if a justified reason is present. Each of these measures uses a value set (often, but not exclusively, using SNOMED CT) to express acceptable justification reasons. Other measures specify reasons as justification for exclusions.

Examples include patient, system, or medical-related reasons for declining to perform specific actions. Each of these measures also uses a value set to express acceptable justification reasons for declining to perform expected actions.

An attribute that indicates one QDM data element fulfills the expectations of another QDM data element.

See Section 5.8 for examples for using relatedTo.

Note: QDM 5.6 relatedTo attribute is consistent with the FHIR element basedOn which is available for many FHIR resources addressed by the QDM datatypes added in the QDM 5.6 version. These QDM additions allow evaluation and testing during a period of FHIR transition specifically to relate actions with orders that generate them. However, measure developers should carefully determine feasibility for each use case when using the relatedTo attribute.

relevantPeriod addresses the time between the start of an action to the end of an action. Each QDM datatype using relevantPeriod defines specific definitions for the start and stop time for the action listed.

Note: negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod

The final consequences or data collected from the datatype. results can be used in four ways to express:

• That a result is present in the electronic record but any entry is acceptable
• A numerical result is reported directly as a value. Values may be integers or decimal numbers without units, or as a quantity with a value and units - examples:
  • 100mg/dL for a lab test
  • 140 mmHg for blood pressure
  • as a percentage (actually as a quantity with % as units)
  • as a titer or ratio (e.g., 1:4, 1:80)
• A result that matches one of a specific set of coded concepts in a value set or a code that matches a direct reference code
• A result as a dateTime ("Assessment, Performed" and components)