Heart Failure (HF): Beta-Blocker Therapy for Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction (LVSD)
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| Measure Information | 2022 Performance Period | 2023 Performance Period | 2024 Performance Period | 2025 Performance Period |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Title | Heart Failure (HF): Beta-Blocker Therapy for Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction (LVSD) | Heart Failure (HF): Beta-Blocker Therapy for Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction (LVSD) | Heart Failure (HF): Beta-Blocker Therapy for Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction (LVSD) | Heart Failure (HF): Beta-Blocker Therapy for Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction (LVSD) |
| CMS eCQM ID | CMS144v10 | CMS144v11 | CMS144v12 | CMS144v13 |
| CBE ID* | 0083e | 0083e | 0083e | 0083e |
| MIPS Quality ID | 008 | 008 | 008 | 008 |
| Measure Steward | American Heart Association-American Stroke Association | American Heart Association | American Heart Association | American Heart Association |
| Description |
Percentage of patients aged 18 years and older with a diagnosis of heart failure (HF) with a current or prior left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 40% who were prescribed beta-blocker therapy either within a 12-month period when seen in the outpatient setting OR at each hospital discharge |
Percentage of patients aged 18 years and older with a diagnosis of heart failure (HF) with a current or prior left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <= 40% who were prescribed or already taking beta-blocker therapy during the measurement period |
Percentage of patients aged 18 years and older with a diagnosis of heart failure (HF) with a current or prior left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <= 40% who were prescribed or already taking beta-blocker therapy during the measurement period |
Percentage of patients aged 18 years and older with a diagnosis of heart failure (HF) with a current or prior left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <= 40% who were prescribed or already taking beta-blocker therapy during the measurement period |
| Measure Scoring | Proportion measure | Proportion measure | Proportion measure | Proportion measure |
| Measure Type | Process | Process | Process | Process |
| Stratification | *See CMS144v10.html | *See CMS144v11.html |
None |
None |
| Risk Adjustment | *See CMS144v10.html | *See CMS144v11.html |
None |
None |
| Rationale | *See CMS144v10.html | *See CMS144v11.html |
Beta blockers improve survival and reduce hospitalization for patients with stable heart failure and reduced LVEF (HFrEF). Treatment should be initiated as soon as a patient is diagnosed with reduced LVEF and does not have prohibitively low systemic blood pressure, fluid overload, or recent treatment with an intravenous positive inotropic agent. Beta blockers have also been shown to lessen the symptoms of heart failure, improve the clinical status of patients, and reduce future clinical deterioration. Despite these benefits, use of beta blockers in eligible patients remains suboptimal. |
Beta blockers improve survival and reduce hospitalization for patients with stable heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Treatment should be initiated as soon as a patient is diagnosed with reduced LVEF and does not have prohibitively low systemic blood pressure, fluid overload, or recent treatment with an intravenous positive inotropic agent. Beta blockers have also been shown to lessen the symptoms of heart failure, improve the clinical status of patients, and reduce future clinical deterioration. Despite these benefits, use of beta blockers in eligible patients remains suboptimal. |
| Clinical Recommendation Statement | *See CMS144v10.html | *See CMS144v11.html |
In patients with HFrEF, with current or previous symptoms, use of 1 of the 3 beta blockers proven to reduce mortality (e.g., bisoprolol, carvedilol, sustained-release metoprolol succinate) is recommended to reduce mortality and hospitalizations (Class I, Level of Evidence A) (ACC/AHA/HFSA, 2022). Drugs Commonly Used for Stage C HFrEF (abbreviated to align with focus of measure to include only Beta-blocker therapy) Drug Initial Daily Dose(s) Target Dose(s) Mean Doses Achieved in Clinical Trials
Beta Blockers Bisoprolol 1.25 mg once 10 mg once 8.6 mg/d Carvedilol 3.125 mg twice 25-50 mg twice 37 mg/d Carvedilol CR 10 mg once 80 mg once N/A Metoprolol succinate 12.5 to 25 mg once 200 mg once 159 mg/d extended release (metoprolol CR/XL) |
In patients with HFrEF, with current or previous symptoms, use of 1 of the 3 beta blockers proven to reduce mortality (e.g., bisoprolol, carvedilol, sustained-release metoprolol succinate) is recommended to reduce mortality and hospitalizations (Class I, Level of Evidence A) (Heidenreich, 2022). Drugs Commonly Used for Stage C HFrEF (abbreviated to align with focus of measure to include only Beta-blocker therapy) Drug Initial Daily Dose(s) Target Dose(s) Mean Doses Achieved in Clinical Trials
Beta Blockers Bisoprolol 1.25 mg once 10 mg once 8.6 mg/d Carvedilol 3.125 mg twice 25-50 mg twice 37 mg/d Carvedilol CR 10 mg once 80 mg once N/A Metoprolol succinate 12.5 to 25 mg once 200 mg once 159 mg/d extended release (metoprolol CR/XL) |
| Improvement Notation |
Higher score indicates better quality |
Higher score indicates better quality |
Higher score indicates better quality |
Higher score indicates better quality |
| Definition | *See CMS144v10.html | *See CMS144v11.html |
LVEF <=40% corresponds to qualitative documentation of moderate dysfunction or severe dysfunction (LVSD). The LVSD may be determined by quantitative or qualitative assessment, which may be current or historical. Examples of a quantitative or qualitative assessment may include an echocardiogram: 1) that provides a numerical value of LVSD or 2) that uses descriptive terms such as moderately or severely depressed left ventricular systolic function. Any current or prior ejection fraction study documenting LVSD can be used to identify patients. |
LVEF <=40% corresponds to qualitative documentation of moderate dysfunction or severe dysfunction (LVSD). The LVSD may be determined by quantitative or qualitative assessment, which may be current or historical. Examples of a quantitative or qualitative assessment may include an echocardiogram: 1) that provides a numerical value of LVSD or 2) that uses descriptive terms such as moderately or severely depressed left ventricular systolic function. Any current or prior ejection fraction study documenting LVSD can be used to identify patients. |
| Guidance |
This eCQM is to be reported as patient-based or episode-based, depending on the clinical setting. To satisfy this measure, it must be reported for all heart failure patients at least once during the measurement period if seen in the outpatient setting. If the patient has an eligible inpatient discharge during the measurement period, as defined in the measure logic, it is expected to be reported at each hospital discharge. A range value should satisfy the logic requirement for 'Ejection Fraction' as long as the ranged observation value clearly meets the less than 40% threshold noted in the denominator logic. A range that is inclusive of or greater than 40% would not meet the measure requirement. Beta-blocker therapy: -For patients with prior LVEF < 40%, beta-blocker therapy should include bisoprolol, carvedilol, or sustained release metoprolol succinate. The requirement of two or more visits used in Population Criteria 1 is to establish that the eligible professional or eligible clinician has an existing relationship with the patient. This version of the eCQM uses QDM version 5.5. Please refer to the eCQI resource center for more information on the QDM. |
This eCQM is to be reported as patient-based. To satisfy this measure, it must be reported for all heart failure patients at least once during the measurement period. A range value should satisfy the logic requirement for 'Ejection Fraction' as long as the ranged observation value clearly meets the less than or equal to 40% threshold noted in the denominator logic. A range that is greater than 40% would not meet the measure requirement. Beta-blocker therapy: -For patients with prior LVEF <= 40%, beta-blocker therapy should include bisoprolol, carvedilol, or sustained release metoprolol succinate. The requirement of two or more visits is to establish that the eligible professional or eligible clinician has an existing relationship with the patient. This version of the eCQM uses QDM version 5.6. Please refer to the QDM page for more information on the QDM. |
This eCQM is to be reported as patient-based. To satisfy this measure, it must be reported for all heart failure patients at least once during the measurement period. A range value should satisfy the logic requirement for 'Ejection Fraction' as long as the ranged observation value clearly meets the less than or equal to 40% threshold noted in the denominator logic. A range that is greater than 40% would not meet the measure requirement. In order for the Ejection Fraction result pathway to be recognized as below 40%, the result must be reported as a number with unit of %. A text string of "below 40%" or "ejection fraction between 35 and 40%" will not be recognized through electronic data capture. Although, this criteria can also be met using the Diagnosis pathway if specified as "Moderate or Severe." Beta-blocker therapy: -For patients with prior LVEF <= 40%, beta-blocker therapy should include bisoprolol, carvedilol, or sustained release metoprolol succinate. The requirement of two or more visits is to establish that the eligible professional or eligible clinician has an existing relationship with the patient. This version of the eCQM uses QDM version 5.6. Please refer to the QDM page for more information on the QDM. |
This eCQM is to be reported as patient-based. To satisfy this measure, it must be reported for all heart failure patients at least once during the measurement period. A range value should satisfy the logic requirement for 'Ejection Fraction' as long as the ranged observation value clearly meets the less than or equal to 40% threshold noted in the denominator logic. A range that is greater than 40% would not meet the measure requirement. In order for the Ejection Fraction result pathway to be recognized as below 40%, the result must be reported as a number with unit of %. A text string of "below 40%" or "ejection fraction between 35 and 40%" will not be recognized through electronic data capture. Although, this criteria can also be met using the Diagnosis pathway if specified as "Moderate or Severe." Beta-blocker therapy: -For patients with prior LVEF <= 40%, beta-blocker therapy should include bisoprolol, carvedilol, or sustained release metoprolol succinate. The requirement of two or more visits is to establish that the eligible clinician has an existing relationship with the patient. This version of the eCQM uses QDM version 5.6. Please refer to the QDM page for more information on the QDM. |
| Initial Population |
All patients aged 18 years and older with a diagnosis of heart failure |
All patients aged 18 years and older with two qualifying encounters during the measurement period and a diagnosis of heart failure |
All patients aged 18 years and older with two qualifying encounters during the measurement period and a diagnosis of heart failure |
All patients aged 18 years and older with two qualifying encounters during the measurement period and a diagnosis of heart failure on or before at least one qualifying encounter |
| Denominator |
Equals Initial Population with a current or prior LVEF < 40% |
Equals Initial Population with a current or prior LVEF <= 40% |
Equals Initial Population with a current or prior LVEF <= 40% |
Equals Initial Population with a current or prior LVEF <= 40% |
| Denominator Exclusions |
None |
Patients with a history of heart transplant or with a Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) prior to the end of the outpatient encounter with Moderate or Severe LVSD |
Patients with a history of heart transplant or with a Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) prior to the end of the outpatient encounter with Moderate or Severe LVSD |
Patients with a history of heart transplant or with a Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) prior to the end of the outpatient encounter with Moderate or Severe LVSD |
| Numerator |
Patients who were prescribed beta-blocker therapy either within a 12-month period when seen in the outpatient setting OR at each hospital discharge |
Patients who were prescribed or already taking beta-blocker therapy during the measurement period |
Patients who were prescribed or already taking beta-blocker therapy during the measurement period |
Patients who were prescribed or already taking beta-blocker therapy during the measurement period |
| Numerator Exclusions |
Not Applicable |
Not Applicable |
Not Applicable |
Not Applicable |
| Denominator Exceptions |
Documentation of medical reason(s) for not prescribing beta-blocker therapy (e.g., low blood pressure, fluid overload, asthma, patients recently treated with an intravenous positive inotropic agent, allergy, intolerance, other medical reasons). Documentation of patient reason(s) for not prescribing beta-blocker therapy (e.g., patient declined, other patient reasons). Documentation of system reason(s) for not prescribing beta-blocker therapy (e.g., other reasons attributable to the healthcare system). |
Documentation of medical reason(s) for not prescribing beta-blocker therapy (e.g., arrhythmia, asthma, bradycardia, hypotension, patients with atrioventricular block without cardiac pacer, observation of consecutive heart rates <50, allergy, intolerance, other medical reasons). Documentation of patient reason(s) for not prescribing beta-blocker therapy (e.g., patient declined, other patient reasons) |
Documentation of medical reason(s) for not prescribing beta-blocker therapy (e.g., arrhythmia, asthma, bradycardia, hypotension, patients with atrioventricular block without cardiac pacer, observation of consecutive heart rates <50, allergy, intolerance, other medical reasons). Documentation of patient reason(s) for not prescribing beta-blocker therapy (e.g., patient declined, other patient reasons). |
Documentation of medical reason(s) for not prescribing beta-blocker therapy (e.g., arrhythmia, asthma, bradycardia, hypotension, patients with atrioventricular block without cardiac pacer, observation of consecutive heart rates <50, allergy, intolerance, other medical reasons). Documentation of patient reason(s) for not prescribing beta-blocker therapy (e.g., patient declined, other patient reasons). |
| Telehealth Eligible | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Next Version | No Version Available | |||
| Previous Version | No Version Available |
Additional Resources for CMS144v13
Header
Updated the eCQM version number.
Measure Section:
eCQM Version Number
Source of Change:
Annual Update
Changed all references from NQF to CBE to identify the consensus-based entity role.
Measure Section:
CBE Number
Source of Change:
Annual Update
Updated copyright.
Measure Section:
Copyright
Source of Change:
Annual Update
Updated disclaimer.
Measure Section:
Disclaimer
Source of Change:
Annual Update
Updated Guidance to remove any instances of 'Eligible Professional(s)' to align with other eCQMs.
Measure Section:
Guidance
Source of Change:
Measure Lead
Updated grammar, wording, and/or formatting to improve readability and consistency.
Measure Section:
Multiple Sections
Source of Change:
Annual Update
Updated references and measure header to reflect current evidence and new or updated literature.
Measure Section:
Multiple Sections
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Measure Lead
Logic
Renamed value set to 'Payer Type' to more accurately reflect the contents and intent of the value set.
Measure Section:
Definitions
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Standards/Technical Update
Updated the names of CQL definitions, functions, and/or aliases for clarification and to align with the CQL Style Guide.
Measure Section:
Definitions
Source of Change:
Standards/Technical Update
Updated the version number of the HFCommonDefinitions library to v3.0.000 and the library name from 'HFCommonDefinitions' to 'HFCommonDefinitionsQDM.'
Measure Section:
Definitions
Source of Change:
Annual Update
Updated the version number of the Measure Authoring Tool (MAT) Global Common Functions Library to v8.0.000 and the library name from 'MATGlobalCommonFunctions' to 'MATGlobalCommonFunctionsQDM.'
Measure Section:
Definitions
Source of Change:
Annual Update
Updated the version number of the Measure Authoring Tool (MAT) Global Common Functions Library to v8.0.000 and the library name from 'MATGlobalCommonFunctions' to 'MATGlobalCommonFunctionsQDM.'
Measure Section:
Functions
Source of Change:
Annual Update
Updated the version number of the HFCommonDefinitions library to v3.0.000 and the library name from 'HFCommonDefinitions' to 'HFCommonDefinitionsQDM.'
Measure Section:
Functions
Source of Change:
Annual Update
Value Set
The VSAC is the source of truth for the value set content, please visit the VSAC for downloads of current value sets.
Value set Arrhythmia (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.366): Deleted 1 SNOMED CT code (251166008) based on terminology update.
Measure Section:
Terminology
Source of Change:
Annual Update
Value set Asthma (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.362): Added 2 SNOMED CT codes (10674791000119101, 10676271000119104) based on terminology update. Deleted 1 SNOMED CT code (424199006) based on terminology update.
Measure Section:
Terminology
Source of Change:
Annual Update
Value set Beta Blocker Therapy Ingredient (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1493): Added 3 RxNorm codes (10824, 1813, 49737) based on review by technical experts, SMEs, and/or public feedback.
Measure Section:
Terminology
Source of Change:
Measure Lead
Value set Bradycardia (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.412): Added 1 SNOMED CT code (444605001) based on review by technical experts, SMEs, and/or public feedback.
Measure Section:
Terminology
Source of Change:
Measure Lead
Value set Cardiac Pacer (2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1178.53): Added 2 SNOMED CT codes (1231779006, 1234788003) based on terminology update.
Measure Section:
Terminology
Source of Change:
Annual Update
Value set Care Services in Long Term Residential Facility (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1014): Deleted 9 CPT codes (99324, 99325, 99326, 99327, 99328, 99334, 99335, 99336, 99337) based on review by technical experts, SMEs, and/or public feedback.
Measure Section:
Terminology
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Measure Lead
Value set Heart Rate (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1176): Added 1 LOINC code (11328-2) based on applicability of value set and/or OID.
Measure Section:
Terminology
Source of Change:
Annual Update
Value set Heart Transplant Complications (2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1178.56): Added 1 SNOMED CT code (12224461000119108) based on terminology update.
Measure Section:
Terminology
Source of Change:
Annual Update
Value set Home Healthcare Services (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1016): Deleted 1 CPT code (99343) based on review by technical experts, SMEs, and/or public feedback.
Measure Section:
Terminology
Source of Change:
Measure Lead
Value set Nursing Facility Visit (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1012): Deleted 1 CPT code (99318) based on review by technical experts, SMEs, and/or public feedback.
Measure Section:
Terminology
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Measure Lead
Value set Office Visit (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1001): Deleted 2 SNOMED CT codes (30346009, 37894004) based on review by technical experts, SMEs, and/or public feedback. Deleted 1 CPT code (99201) based on review by technical experts, SMEs, and/or public feedback.
Measure Section:
Terminology
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Measure Lead
Value set Outpatient Consultation (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1008): Deleted 1 CPT code (99241) based on review by technical experts, SMEs, and/or public feedback.
Measure Section:
Terminology
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Measure Lead
Value set (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.3591): Renamed to Payer Type based on recommended value set naming conventions.
Measure Section:
Terminology
Source of Change:
Annual Update