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CMS Measure ID: CMS249v4    Performance/Reporting Period: 2022    NQF Number: 3475e
Description:

Percentage of female patients 50 to 64 years of age without select risk factors for osteoporotic fracture who received an order for a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan during the measurement period

Data Elements and coded QDM Attributes contained within the eCQM

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Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for assessments measuring the number of alcoholic drinks per drinking day.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Assessment.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent an assessment of a quantitative observation of reported number of alcoholic drinks per drinking day.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Assessment, Performed: Average Number of Drinks per Drinking Day value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.106.12.1018)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Assessment, Performed"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document completion of the assessment indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing:

  • relevant dateTime references timing for an assessment that occurs at a single point in time.
  • relevant Period references a start and stop time for an assessment that occurs over a time interval
  • author dateTime references the time the action was recorded.
  • Refer to the eCQM expression to determine allowable timings to meet measure criterion.

Note: negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for H145 assessments of a family history of hip fracture in a parent.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Assessment.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent an assessment for family history of hip fracture in a parent.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Assessment, Performed: History of hip fracture in parent value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.113.12.1040)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Assessment, Performed"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document completion of the assessment indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing:

  • relevant dateTime references timing for an assessment that occurs at a single point in time.
  • relevant Period references a start and stop time for an assessment that occurs over a time interval
  • author dateTime references the time the action was recorded.
  • Refer to the eCQM expression to determine allowable timings to meet measure criterion.

Note: negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.

Direct Reference Code

Constrained to 'Major osteoporotic fracture 10-year probability [Likelihood] Fracture Risk Assessment' LOINC code

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Assessment, Performed"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document completion of the assessment indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing:

  • relevant dateTime references timing for an assessment that occurs at a single point in time.
  • relevant Period references a start and stop time for an assessment that occurs over a time interval
  • author dateTime references the time the action was recorded.
  • Refer to the eCQM expression to determine allowable timings to meet measure criterion.

Note: negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for assessments to screen for tobacco use.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Assessment.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent an assessment for tobacco use, including smoking and smoke-less tobacco products.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Assessment, Performed: Tobacco Use Screening value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1278)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Assessment, Performed"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document completion of the assessment indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing:

  • relevant dateTime references timing for an assessment that occurs at a single point in time.
  • relevant Period references a start and stop time for an assessment that occurs over a time interval
  • author dateTime references the time the action was recorded.
  • Refer to the eCQM expression to determine allowable timings to meet measure criterion.

Note: negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for a diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Diagnosis.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent a diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis with comorbidities and associated system involvement.
Exclusion Criteria: Excludes concepts that represent a diagnosis of juvenile ankylosing spondylitis.

Constrained to codes in the Diagnosis: Ankylosing Spondylitis value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.113.12.1045)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Diagnosis"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the Condition/Diagnosis/Problem and its corresponding value set. The onset dateTime corresponds to the implicit start dateTime of the datatype and the abatement dateTime corresponds to the implicit stop dateTime of the datatype. If the abatement dateTime is not present, then the diagnosis is considered to still be active. When this datatype is used with timing relationships, the criterion is looking for an active diagnosis for the time frame indicated by the timing relationships.

Timing: The prevalencePeriod references the time from the onset date to the abatement date.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for a diagnosis of chronic liver disease.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Diagnosis.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent a diagnosis of chronic liver disease or cirrhosis, liver abscess or sequelae of chronic liver disease and other disorders of the liver.
Exclusion Criteria: Excludes concepts that represent diagnoses for substance induced liver disease.

Constrained to codes in the Diagnosis: Chronic Liver Disease value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.199.12.1035)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Diagnosis"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the Condition/Diagnosis/Problem and its corresponding value set. The onset dateTime corresponds to the implicit start dateTime of the datatype and the abatement dateTime corresponds to the implicit stop dateTime of the datatype. If the abatement dateTime is not present, then the diagnosis is considered to still be active. When this datatype is used with timing relationships, the criterion is looking for an active diagnosis for the time frame indicated by the timing relationships.

Timing: The prevalencePeriod references the time from the onset date to the abatement date.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for a diagnosis of chronic malnutrition.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Diagnosis.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent a diagnosis of a specified and unspecified eating disorder.
Exclusion Criteria: Excludes concepts that represent a diagnosis of feeding disorders of infancy or childhood, including feeding disturbances, developmental delays, loss of appetite and rumination. Excludes restrictive food intake disorders and pica.

Constrained to codes in the Diagnosis: Chronic Malnutrition value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.199.12.1036)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Diagnosis"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the Condition/Diagnosis/Problem and its corresponding value set. The onset dateTime corresponds to the implicit start dateTime of the datatype and the abatement dateTime corresponds to the implicit stop dateTime of the datatype. If the abatement dateTime is not present, then the diagnosis is considered to still be active. When this datatype is used with timing relationships, the criterion is looking for an active diagnosis for the time frame indicated by the timing relationships.

Timing: The prevalencePeriod references the time from the onset date to the abatement date.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for a diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Diagnosis.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent a diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome, including hypercortisolism induced by tumors, alcohol, and depression.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Diagnosis: Cushings Syndrome value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.117.12.1009)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Diagnosis"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the Condition/Diagnosis/Problem and its corresponding value set. The onset dateTime corresponds to the implicit start dateTime of the datatype and the abatement dateTime corresponds to the implicit stop dateTime of the datatype. If the abatement dateTime is not present, then the diagnosis is considered to still be active. When this datatype is used with timing relationships, the criterion is looking for an active diagnosis for the time frame indicated by the timing relationships.

Timing: The prevalencePeriod references the time from the onset date to the abatement date.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for a diagnosis of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Diagnosis.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent a diagnosis of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Diagnosis: Ehlers Danlos Syndrome value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.113.12.1047)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Diagnosis"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the Condition/Diagnosis/Problem and its corresponding value set. The onset dateTime corresponds to the implicit start dateTime of the datatype and the abatement dateTime corresponds to the implicit stop dateTime of the datatype. If the abatement dateTime is not present, then the diagnosis is considered to still be active. When this datatype is used with timing relationships, the criterion is looking for an active diagnosis for the time frame indicated by the timing relationships.

Timing: The prevalencePeriod references the time from the onset date to the abatement date.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for diagnoses of end stage renal disease (ESRD).
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Diagnosis.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent a diagnosis of end stage renal disease (ESRD).
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Diagnosis: End Stage Renal Disease value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.353)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Diagnosis"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the Condition/Diagnosis/Problem and its corresponding value set. The onset dateTime corresponds to the implicit start dateTime of the datatype and the abatement dateTime corresponds to the implicit stop dateTime of the datatype. If the abatement dateTime is not present, then the diagnosis is considered to still be active. When this datatype is used with timing relationships, the criterion is looking for an active diagnosis for the time frame indicated by the timing relationships.

Timing: The prevalencePeriod references the time from the onset date to the abatement date.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for a diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Diagnosis.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent a diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism including primary, secondary, tertiary, and all other types of hyperparathyroidism.
Exclusion Criteria: Excludes concepts that represent a diagnosis of autonomous thyroid function, iatrogenic thyrotoxicosis factitia, neonatal thyrotoxicosis, and thyrotoxic crisis.

Constrained to codes in the Diagnosis: Hyperparathyroidism value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.117.12.1016)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Diagnosis"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the Condition/Diagnosis/Problem and its corresponding value set. The onset dateTime corresponds to the implicit start dateTime of the datatype and the abatement dateTime corresponds to the implicit stop dateTime of the datatype. If the abatement dateTime is not present, then the diagnosis is considered to still be active. When this datatype is used with timing relationships, the criterion is looking for an active diagnosis for the time frame indicated by the timing relationships.

Timing: The prevalencePeriod references the time from the onset date to the abatement date.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for a diagnosis of hyperthyroidism.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Diagnosis.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent a diagnosis for thyrotoxicosis, both with and without thyrotoxic crisis or storm, and with and without presence of goiter.
Exclusion Criteria: Excludes concepts that represent a diagnosis for neonatal thyrotoxicosis.

Constrained to codes in the Diagnosis: Hyperthyroidism value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.117.12.1015)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Diagnosis"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the Condition/Diagnosis/Problem and its corresponding value set. The onset dateTime corresponds to the implicit start dateTime of the datatype and the abatement dateTime corresponds to the implicit stop dateTime of the datatype. If the abatement dateTime is not present, then the diagnosis is considered to still be active. When this datatype is used with timing relationships, the criterion is looking for an active diagnosis for the time frame indicated by the timing relationships.

Timing: The prevalencePeriod references the time from the onset date to the abatement date.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for a diagnosis of lupus erythematosus.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Diagnosis.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent a diagnosis of systemic, discoid, and drug-induced lupus erythematosus.
Exclusion Criteria: Excludes concepts that represent a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus in childhood or in remission.

Constrained to codes in the Diagnosis: Lupus value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.117.12.1010)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Diagnosis"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the Condition/Diagnosis/Problem and its corresponding value set. The onset dateTime corresponds to the implicit start dateTime of the datatype and the abatement dateTime corresponds to the implicit stop dateTime of the datatype. If the abatement dateTime is not present, then the diagnosis is considered to still be active. When this datatype is used with timing relationships, the criterion is looking for an active diagnosis for the time frame indicated by the timing relationships.

Timing: The prevalencePeriod references the time from the onset date to the abatement date.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for a diagnosis of chronic intestinal malabsorption.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Diagnosis.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent a diagnosis of regional enteritis, ulcerative enterocolitis, celiac disease, tropical sprue, blind loop syndrome, Pancreatic steatorrhea, and other specified or unspecified intestinal malabsorption disorders.
Exclusion Criteria: Excludes concepts that represent a diagnosis of specified disorders of the intestine, including fistula of intestine, ulceration of intestine, perforation of intestine, angiodysplasia (with or without hemorrhage), dieulafoy lesion, and vomiting of fecal matter.

Constrained to codes in the Diagnosis: Malabsorption Syndromes value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.199.12.1050)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Diagnosis"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the Condition/Diagnosis/Problem and its corresponding value set. The onset dateTime corresponds to the implicit start dateTime of the datatype and the abatement dateTime corresponds to the implicit stop dateTime of the datatype. If the abatement dateTime is not present, then the diagnosis is considered to still be active. When this datatype is used with timing relationships, the criterion is looking for an active diagnosis for the time frame indicated by the timing relationships.

Timing: The prevalencePeriod references the time from the onset date to the abatement date.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for a diagnosis of Marfan's syndrome.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Diagnosis.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent a diagnosis of Marfan's syndrome with or without cardiovascular, ocular, skeletal, or epithelial manifestations.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Diagnosis: Marfan's Syndrome value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.113.12.1048)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Diagnosis"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the Condition/Diagnosis/Problem and its corresponding value set. The onset dateTime corresponds to the implicit start dateTime of the datatype and the abatement dateTime corresponds to the implicit stop dateTime of the datatype. If the abatement dateTime is not present, then the diagnosis is considered to still be active. When this datatype is used with timing relationships, the criterion is looking for an active diagnosis for the time frame indicated by the timing relationships.

Timing: The prevalencePeriod references the time from the onset date to the abatement date.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for a diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Diagnosis.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent a diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta disease including diagnoses in the perinatal population.
Exclusion Criteria: Excludes concepts that represent a diagnosis of osteoporosis with pseudoglioma.

Constrained to codes in the Diagnosis: Osteogenesis Imperfecta value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.113.12.1044)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Diagnosis"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the Condition/Diagnosis/Problem and its corresponding value set. The onset dateTime corresponds to the implicit start dateTime of the datatype and the abatement dateTime corresponds to the implicit stop dateTime of the datatype. If the abatement dateTime is not present, then the diagnosis is considered to still be active. When this datatype is used with timing relationships, the criterion is looking for an active diagnosis for the time frame indicated by the timing relationships.

Timing: The prevalencePeriod references the time from the onset date to the abatement date.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for a diagnosis of osteopenia.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Diagnosis.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent a diagnosis of specified and unspecified disorders of bones and cartilage associated with osteopenia of prematurity, drug-induced osteopenia, and senile osteopenia.
Exclusion Criteria: Excludes concepts that represent a diagnosis of arrest of bone development or growth, chondromalacia, or stress fracture of bone.

Constrained to codes in the Diagnosis: Osteopenia value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.113.12.1049)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Diagnosis"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the Condition/Diagnosis/Problem and its corresponding value set. The onset dateTime corresponds to the implicit start dateTime of the datatype and the abatement dateTime corresponds to the implicit stop dateTime of the datatype. If the abatement dateTime is not present, then the diagnosis is considered to still be active. When this datatype is used with timing relationships, the criterion is looking for an active diagnosis for the time frame indicated by the timing relationships.

Timing: The prevalencePeriod references the time from the onset date to the abatement date.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for a diagnosis of osteoporosis.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Diagnosis.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent a diagnosis of idiopathic, senile, disuse, and other/unspecified osteoporosis, localized, transient, and regional migrating osteoporosis.
Exclusion Criteria: Excludes concepts that represent a diagnosis of osteoporosis due to cystic fibrosis.

Constrained to codes in the Diagnosis: Osteoporosis value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.113.12.1038)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Diagnosis"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the Condition/Diagnosis/Problem and its corresponding value set. The onset dateTime corresponds to the implicit start dateTime of the datatype and the abatement dateTime corresponds to the implicit stop dateTime of the datatype. If the abatement dateTime is not present, then the diagnosis is considered to still be active. When this datatype is used with timing relationships, the criterion is looking for an active diagnosis for the time frame indicated by the timing relationships.

Timing: The prevalencePeriod references the time from the onset date to the abatement date.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for a diagnosis of an osteoporotic fracture.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Diagnosis.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent a diagnosis of pathological fractures, with or without reference to osteoporosis.
Exclusion Criteria: Excludes concepts that represent a diagnosis of fractures that are not pathological.

Constrained to codes in the Diagnosis: Osteoporotic Fractures value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.113.12.1050)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Diagnosis"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the Condition/Diagnosis/Problem and its corresponding value set. The onset dateTime corresponds to the implicit start dateTime of the datatype and the abatement dateTime corresponds to the implicit stop dateTime of the datatype. If the abatement dateTime is not present, then the diagnosis is considered to still be active. When this datatype is used with timing relationships, the criterion is looking for an active diagnosis for the time frame indicated by the timing relationships.

Timing: The prevalencePeriod references the time from the onset date to the abatement date.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for a diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Diagnosis.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent a diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis, arthritis mutilans, psoriatic spondylitis, and other unspecified psoriatic arthropathy.
Exclusion Criteria: Excludes concepts that represent a diagnosis of juvenile psoriatic arthritis and dactylitis diagnoses.

Constrained to codes in the Diagnosis: Psoriatic Arthritis value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.113.12.1046)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Diagnosis"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the Condition/Diagnosis/Problem and its corresponding value set. The onset dateTime corresponds to the implicit start dateTime of the datatype and the abatement dateTime corresponds to the implicit stop dateTime of the datatype. If the abatement dateTime is not present, then the diagnosis is considered to still be active. When this datatype is used with timing relationships, the criterion is looking for an active diagnosis for the time frame indicated by the timing relationships.

Timing: The prevalencePeriod references the time from the onset date to the abatement date.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Diagnosis.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and Felty's syndrome, including comorbidities occurring with rheumatoid arthritis such as rheumatoid polyneuropathy, rheumatoid myopathy, rheumatoid heart disease, rheumatoid vasculitis, and rheumatoid lung disease.
Exclusion Criteria: Excludes concepts that represent a diagnosis of juvenile chronic polyarthritis, chronic post rheumatic arthropathy, or inflammatory polyarthropathy.

Constrained to codes in the Diagnosis: Rheumatoid Arthritis value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.113.12.1005)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Diagnosis"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the Condition/Diagnosis/Problem and its corresponding value set. The onset dateTime corresponds to the implicit start dateTime of the datatype and the abatement dateTime corresponds to the implicit stop dateTime of the datatype. If the abatement dateTime is not present, then the diagnosis is considered to still be active. When this datatype is used with timing relationships, the criterion is looking for an active diagnosis for the time frame indicated by the timing relationships.

Timing: The prevalencePeriod references the time from the onset date to the abatement date.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for a diagnosis of type I diabetes mellitus.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Diagnosis.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent a diagnosis of type I diabetes mellitus, with or without reference to complications and comorbidities.
Exclusion Criteria: Excludes concepts that represent a diagnosis of gestational, drug-induced and type II diabetes mellitus without mention of type I diabetes mellitus.

Constrained to codes in the Diagnosis: Type 1 Diabetes value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.103.12.1020)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Diagnosis"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the Condition/Diagnosis/Problem and its corresponding value set. The onset dateTime corresponds to the implicit start dateTime of the datatype and the abatement dateTime corresponds to the implicit stop dateTime of the datatype. If the abatement dateTime is not present, then the diagnosis is considered to still be active. When this datatype is used with timing relationships, the criterion is looking for an active diagnosis for the time frame indicated by the timing relationships.

Timing: The prevalencePeriod references the time from the onset date to the abatement date.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for a diagnostic study for a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Diagnostic Study.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent a diagnostic study for bone density using DXA scans of the femur, radius, ulna, lumbar spine, hip, calcaneus and skeletal system.
Exclusion Criteria: Excludes order only codes.

Constrained to codes in the Diagnostic Study, Order: DXA (Dual energy Xray Absorptiometry) Scan value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.113.12.1051)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Diagnostic Study, Order"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document a request by a clinician or appropriately licensed care provider to an appropriate provider or organization to perform the diagnostic study indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set. The request may be in the form of a consultation or a direct order to the organization that performs the diagnostic study. Diagnostic studies are those that are not performed in the clinical laboratory. Such studies include, but are not limited to, imaging studies, cardiology studies (electrocardiogram, treadmill stress testing), pulmonary function testing, and vascular laboratory testing.

Timing: The time the order is signed; author dateTime.

Note: negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for encounters for an outpatient visit.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Encounter.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent an encounter for the comprehensive history, evaluation, and management of a patient presenting with minor to high severity problems.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Encounter, Performed: Office Visit value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1001)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Encounter, Performed"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document that the encounter indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set is in progress or has been completed.

The "Encounter, Performed" participant references the primary participant.

Previous versions of QDM included an attribute principal diagnosis, defined as the condition that, after study, was determined to be the principal cause of the admission. QDM version 5.5 addresses that concept using the diagnosis rank=1.

Timing:

  • The relevantPeriod addresses:
    • startTime - The time the encounter began (admission time).
    • stopTime - The time the encounter ended (discharge time).
  • author dateTime references the time the action was recorded.
  • Refer to the eCQM expression to determine allowable timings to meet measure criteria.

Notes:

  • negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.
  • The locationPeriod is an attribute of the attribute facility location that addresses:
    • startTime - the time the patient arrived at the location. The time the encounter began (admission time).
    • stopTime - the time the patient departed from the location.
Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: Includes concepts that represent an encounter using online modalities.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Encounter.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent an encounter using online modalities.
Exclusion Criteria: Excludes concepts that represent encounters other than online.

Constrained to codes in the Encounter, Performed: Online Assessments value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1089)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Encounter, Performed"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document that the encounter indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set is in progress or has been completed.

The "Encounter, Performed" participant references the primary participant.

Previous versions of QDM included an attribute principal diagnosis, defined as the condition that, after study, was determined to be the principal cause of the admission. QDM version 5.5 addresses that concept using the diagnosis rank=1.

Timing:

  • The relevantPeriod addresses:
    • startTime - The time the encounter began (admission time).
    • stopTime - The time the encounter ended (discharge time).
  • author dateTime references the time the action was recorded.
  • Refer to the eCQM expression to determine allowable timings to meet measure criteria.

Notes:

  • negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.
  • The locationPeriod is an attribute of the attribute facility location that addresses:
    • startTime - the time the patient arrived at the location. The time the encounter began (admission time).
    • stopTime - the time the patient departed from the location.
Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for encounters for outpatient interactions with a member of the medical care team.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Encounter.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent an encounter for the comprehensive history, evaluation, and management of a patient presenting with minor to high severity problems.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Encounter, Performed: Outpatient Consultation value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1008)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Encounter, Performed"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document that the encounter indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set is in progress or has been completed.

The "Encounter, Performed" participant references the primary participant.

Previous versions of QDM included an attribute principal diagnosis, defined as the condition that, after study, was determined to be the principal cause of the admission. QDM version 5.5 addresses that concept using the diagnosis rank=1.

Timing:

  • The relevantPeriod addresses:
    • startTime - The time the encounter began (admission time).
    • stopTime - The time the encounter ended (discharge time).
  • author dateTime references the time the action was recorded.
  • Refer to the eCQM expression to determine allowable timings to meet measure criteria.

Notes:

  • negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.
  • The locationPeriod is an attribute of the attribute facility location that addresses:
    • startTime - the time the patient arrived at the location. The time the encounter began (admission time).
    • stopTime - the time the patient departed from the location.
Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for encounters for preventive care.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Encounter.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent an encounter for comprehensive preventive medicine reevaluation and management of an individual 18 years of age or over.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Encounter, Performed: Preventive Care Services - Established Office Visit, 18 and Up value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1025)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Encounter, Performed"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document that the encounter indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set is in progress or has been completed.

The "Encounter, Performed" participant references the primary participant.

Previous versions of QDM included an attribute principal diagnosis, defined as the condition that, after study, was determined to be the principal cause of the admission. QDM version 5.5 addresses that concept using the diagnosis rank=1.

Timing:

  • The relevantPeriod addresses:
    • startTime - The time the encounter began (admission time).
    • stopTime - The time the encounter ended (discharge time).
  • author dateTime references the time the action was recorded.
  • Refer to the eCQM expression to determine allowable timings to meet measure criteria.

Notes:

  • negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.
  • The locationPeriod is an attribute of the attribute facility location that addresses:
    • startTime - the time the patient arrived at the location. The time the encounter began (admission time).
    • stopTime - the time the patient departed from the location.
Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for encounters for unlisted preventive medicine services.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Encounter.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent an encounter for unlisted preventive medicine services.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Encounter, Performed: Preventive Care Services - Other value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1030)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Encounter, Performed"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document that the encounter indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set is in progress or has been completed.

The "Encounter, Performed" participant references the primary participant.

Previous versions of QDM included an attribute principal diagnosis, defined as the condition that, after study, was determined to be the principal cause of the admission. QDM version 5.5 addresses that concept using the diagnosis rank=1.

Timing:

  • The relevantPeriod addresses:
    • startTime - The time the encounter began (admission time).
    • stopTime - The time the encounter ended (discharge time).
  • author dateTime references the time the action was recorded.
  • Refer to the eCQM expression to determine allowable timings to meet measure criteria.

Notes:

  • negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.
  • The locationPeriod is an attribute of the attribute facility location that addresses:
    • startTime - the time the patient arrived at the location. The time the encounter began (admission time).
    • stopTime - the time the patient departed from the location.
Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for encounters for preventive care.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Encounter.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent an encounter for comprehensive preventive medicine reevaluation and management of a patient 18 years or over.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Encounter, Performed: Preventive Care Services-Initial Office Visit, 18 and Up value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1023)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Encounter, Performed"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document that the encounter indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set is in progress or has been completed.

The "Encounter, Performed" participant references the primary participant.

Previous versions of QDM included an attribute principal diagnosis, defined as the condition that, after study, was determined to be the principal cause of the admission. QDM version 5.5 addresses that concept using the diagnosis rank=1.

Timing:

  • The relevantPeriod addresses:
    • startTime - The time the encounter began (admission time).
    • stopTime - The time the encounter ended (discharge time).
  • author dateTime references the time the action was recorded.
  • Refer to the eCQM expression to determine allowable timings to meet measure criteria.

Notes:

  • negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.
  • The locationPeriod is an attribute of the attribute facility location that addresses:
    • startTime - the time the patient arrived at the location. The time the encounter began (admission time).
    • stopTime - the time the patient departed from the location.
Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for encounters for telephone visits.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Encounter.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent an encounter for assessment, evaluation and management services to a patient by telephone.
Exclusion Criteria: Excludes concepts that represent an encounter for telephone assessment, evaluation and management services that last for less than five minutes.

Constrained to codes in the Encounter, Performed: Telephone Visits value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1080)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Encounter, Performed"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document that the encounter indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set is in progress or has been completed.

The "Encounter, Performed" participant references the primary participant.

Previous versions of QDM included an attribute principal diagnosis, defined as the condition that, after study, was determined to be the principal cause of the admission. QDM version 5.5 addresses that concept using the diagnosis rank=1.

Timing:

  • The relevantPeriod addresses:
    • startTime - The time the encounter began (admission time).
    • stopTime - The time the encounter ended (discharge time).
  • author dateTime references the time the action was recorded.
  • Refer to the eCQM expression to determine allowable timings to meet measure criteria.

Notes:

  • negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.
  • The locationPeriod is an attribute of the attribute facility location that addresses:
    • startTime - the time the patient arrived at the location. The time the encounter began (admission time).
    • stopTime - the time the patient departed from the location.
Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for aromatase inhibitors.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Medication.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent generic, human use and prescribable aromatase inhibitors.
Exclusion Criteria: Excludes concepts that represent non-prescribable or branded drugs and excludes concepts that represent components or ingredients.

Constrained to codes in the Medication, Active: Aromatase Inhibitors value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.196.12.1265)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Medication, Active"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document that the medication indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set is being taken by the patient. Keep in mind that when this datatype is used with timing relationships, the criterion is looking for a medication being taken for the time frame indicated by the timing relationships.

Timing:

  • relevant dateTime references the time the medication is active on the medication record if it was given or taken at a single point in time.
  • relevantPeriod references a start and stop time for an active medication on the medication record that is given or taken over a time interval:
  • The relevantPeriod addresses:
    • startTime - when the medication is first known to be used (generally the time of entry on the medication list).
    • stopTime - when the medication is no longer active.

In the original QDM 5.5 publication, stopTime stated: when the medication is discontinued (generally, the time discontinuation is recorded on the medication list). See Appendix 6.3 for clarification regarding definition of "Medication, Active" relevantPeriod stopTime.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for glucocorticoids.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Medication.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent generic, human use and prescribable oral glucocorticoids.
Exclusion Criteria: Excludes concepts that represent non-prescribable or branded drugs and concepts that represent components, ingredients or non-oral medications.

Constrained to codes in the Medication, Active: Glucocorticoids (oral only) value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.196.12.1266)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Medication, Active"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document that the medication indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set is being taken by the patient. Keep in mind that when this datatype is used with timing relationships, the criterion is looking for a medication being taken for the time frame indicated by the timing relationships.

Timing:

  • relevant dateTime references the time the medication is active on the medication record if it was given or taken at a single point in time.
  • relevantPeriod references a start and stop time for an active medication on the medication record that is given or taken over a time interval:
  • The relevantPeriod addresses:
    • startTime - when the medication is first known to be used (generally the time of entry on the medication list).
    • stopTime - when the medication is no longer active.

In the original QDM 5.5 publication, stopTime stated: when the medication is discontinued (generally, the time discontinuation is recorded on the medication list). See Appendix 6.3 for clarification regarding definition of "Medication, Active" relevantPeriod stopTime.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for aromatase inhibitors.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Medication.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent generic, human use and prescribable aromatase inhibitors.
Exclusion Criteria: Excludes concepts that represent non-prescribable or branded drugs and excludes concepts that represent components or ingredients.

Constrained to codes in the Medication, Order: Aromatase Inhibitors value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.196.12.1265)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Medication, Order"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document a request to a pharmacy to provide the medication indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing:

  • relevantPeriod addresses the time referenced in the dosage instruction indicating when the medication administration should start and end.
  • In the initial publication of QDM 5.5, relevantPeriod referenced the validity period, i.e., the time period for which the ordered supply is authorized by the prescription authorizing the dispensing event.
  • For clarification, see Appendix 6.4 with additional guidance for referencing relevantPeriod updating the definition for Medication, Order, "Medication Dispensed", and "Substance, Order".
  • author dateTime references the date and time the medication order (prescription) is authored.

Notes:

  • When calculating cumulative medication duration, the stopTime may be present directly in the medication order. If the stopTime is not available, the duration in days is the difference between the relevantPeriod start and stop times multiplied by (1 + the number of refills).
  • negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.

Refer to Special Cases in Appendix A (Section 5.7) for scenarios to consider in calculating cumulative medication duration.

Direct Reference Code

Constrained to 'Birth date' LOINC code

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Patient Characteristic, Birthdate"

The "Patient Characteristic Birthdate" should document the patient’s date of birth.

Timing: The "Patient Characteristic, Birthdate" is a single point in time representing the date and time of birth. It does not have a start and stop time.

Note: "Patient Characteristic Birthdate" is fixed to LOINC code 21112-8 (Birth date) and therefore cannot be further qualified with a value set.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: n/a Data Element Scope: n/a Inclusion Criteria: n/a Exclusion Criteria: n/a

Constrained to codes in the Patient Characteristic, Ethnicity: Ethnicity value set (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.837)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Patient Characteristic, Ethnicity"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document that the patient has one or more of the ethnicities indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing: Ethnicity does not have a specific timing. Measures using "Patient Characteristic, Ethnicity" should address the most recent entry in the clinical record.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: Categories of types of health care payor entities as defined by the US Public Health Data Consortium SOP code system
Data Element Scope: @code in CCDA r2.1 template Planned Coverage [act: identifier urn:oid:2.16.840.1.113883.10.20.22.4.129 (open)] DYNAMIC
Inclusion Criteria: All codes in the code system
Exclusion Criteria: none

Constrained to codes in the Patient Characteristic, Payer: Payer value set (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.3591)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Patient Characteristic, Payer"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document that the patient has one or more of the payers indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing:

The relevantPeriod addresses:

  • startTime – the first day of insurance coverage with the referenced payer.
  • stopTime – the last day of insurance coverage with the referenced payer.
Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: n/a Data Element Scope: n/a Inclusion Criteria: n/a Exclusion Criteria: n/a

Constrained to codes in the Patient Characteristic, Race: Race value set (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.836)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Patient Characteristic, Race"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the patient’s race.

Timing: Race does not have a specific timing. Measures using "Patient Characteristic, Race" should address the most recent entry in the clinical record.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for the patient characteristic of white race.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Race.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent a patient characteristic of white race.
Exclusion Criteria: Excludes concepts that represent non-white race.

Constrained to codes in the Patient Characteristic, Race: White value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.123.12.1007)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Patient Characteristic, Race"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the patient’s race.

Timing: Race does not have a specific timing. Measures using "Patient Characteristic, Race" should address the most recent entry in the clinical record.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: Concepts that represent Female when assessing quality measures
Data Element Scope: Gender
Inclusion Criteria: Appropriate female gender concepts
Exclusion Criteria: Concepts representing Male gender

Constrained to codes in the Patient Characteristic, Sex: Female value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.560.100.2)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Patient Characteristic, Sex"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document that the patient's sex matches the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing: Birth (administrative) sex does not have a specific timing.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: Gender identity restricted to only Male and Female used in administrative situations requiring a restriction to these two categories.
Data Element Scope: Gender
Inclusion Criteria: Male and Female only.
Exclusion Criteria: Any gender identity that is not male or female.

Constrained to codes in the Patient Characteristic, Sex: ONC Administrative Sex value set (2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Patient Characteristic, Sex"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document that the patient's sex matches the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing: Birth (administrative) sex does not have a specific timing.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for a physical exam where a body mass index (BMI) ratio is calculated.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Physical Exam.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent a physical exam with a body mass index (BMI) ratio measurement.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Physical Exam, Performed: BMI Ratio value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.600.1.1490)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Physical Exam, Performed"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the completion of the physical exam indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing:

  • relevant dateTime references the time the physical exam is performed when the physical exam occurs at a single point in time.
  • relevantPeriod references a start and stop time for a physical exam that occurs over a time interval. relevantPeriod addresses:
    • startTime - The time the physical exam begins.
    • stopTime - The time the physical exam ends.
  • author dateTime references the time the action was recorded.
  • Refer to the eCQM expression to determine allowable timings to meet measure criteria.

Notes:

  • Timing refers to a single instance of a physical examination activity. If a measure seeks to evaluate multiple physical examination activities over a period of time, the measure developer should use CQL logic to represent the query request.
  • negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.
Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for gastric bypass surgery.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Procedure.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent a gastric bypass surgery.
Exclusion Criteria: Excludes concepts that represent endoscopic excision of stomach tissue, excision/laparoscopic wedge resection of lesion of the stomach and incisional biopsy of the stomach.

Constrained to codes in the Procedure, Performed: Gastric Bypass Surgery value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.198.12.1050)

QDM Datatype and Definition

"Procedure, Performed"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the completion of the procedure indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing:

  • relevant dateTime references the time the procedure is performed when the procedure occurs at a single point in time.
  • relevantPeriod references a start and stop time for a procedure that occurs over a time interval. relevantPeriod addresses:
    • startTime - The time the procedure begins.
    • stopTime - The time the procedure ends.
  • author dateTime references the time the action was recorded.
  • Refer to the eCQM expression to determine allowable timings to meet measure criterion.

Notes: 

  • Timing refers to a single instance of a procedure. If a measure seeks to evaluate multiple procedures over a period of time, the measure developer should use CQL logic to represent the query request.
  • The incision dateTime is a single point in time available from the Operating Room and/or Anesthesia Record.
  • negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.
  • For clarification, see Appendix 6.6 with 2020 guidance about differentiating between successful and unsuccessful procedures.
Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: The purpose of this value set is to represent concepts for a diagnosis of the type and frequency of tobacco use.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use a model element related to Diagnosis.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes concepts that represent a diagnosis of frequency of tobacco use.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Result: Current Tobacco Smoker value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.600.2390)

QDM Datatype and Definition

result

The final consequences or data collected from the datatype. results can be used in four ways to express:

  • That a result is present in the electronic record but any entry is acceptable
  • A numerical result is reported directly as a value. Values may be integers or decimal numbers without units, or as a quantity with a value and units - examples:
    • 100mg/dL for a lab test
    • 140 mmHg for blood pressure
    • as a percentage (actually as a quantity with % as units)
    • as a titer or ratio (e.g., 1:4, 1:80)
  • A result that matches one of a specific set of coded concepts in a value set or a code that matches a direct reference code
  • A result as a dateTime ("Assessment, Performed" and components)