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CMS Measure ID: CMS22v9    Performance/Reporting Period: 2021    Version: 9    NQF Number: Not Applicable
Description:

Percentage of patient visits for patients aged 18 years and older seen during the measurement period who were screened for high blood pressure AND a recommended follow-up plan is documented, as indicated, if blood pressure is pre-hypertensive or hypertensive

Data Elements and coded QDM Attributes contained within the eCQM

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Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: This value set contains concepts that represent diagnoses and disorders to identify recent onset or evolving hypertension.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use the Quality Data Model (QDM) category or attribute related to Diagnosis.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes only relevant concepts associated with identifying patients represented by recent onset or evolving diagnosis of hypertension.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Diagnosis: Diagnosis of Hypertension value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.600.263)

QDM Datatype and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

"Diagnosis"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the Condition/Diagnosis/Problem and its corresponding value set. The onset dateTime corresponds to the implicit start dateTime of the datatype and the abatement dateTime corresponds to the implicit stop dateTime of the datatype. If the abatement dateTime is not present, then the diagnosis is considered to still be active. When this datatype is used with timing relationships, the criterion is looking for an active diagnosis for the time frame indicated by the timing relationships.

Timing: The prevalencePeriod references the time from the onset date to the abatement date.

Direct Reference Code

Constrained to 'EKG 12 channel panel' LOINC code

QDM Datatype and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

"Diagnostic Study, Order"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document a request by a clinician or appropriately licensed care provider to an appropriate provider or organization to perform the diagnostic study indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set. The request may be in the form of a consultation or a direct order to the organization that performs the diagnostic study. Diagnostic studies are those that are not performed in the clinical laboratory. Such studies include, but are not limited to, imaging studies, cardiology studies (electrocardiogram, treadmill stress testing), pulmonary function testing, and vascular laboratory testing.

Timing: The time the order is signed; author dateTime.

Note: negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.

Direct Reference Code

Constrained to 'EKG study' LOINC code

QDM Datatype and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

"Diagnostic Study, Order"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document a request by a clinician or appropriately licensed care provider to an appropriate provider or organization to perform the diagnostic study indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set. The request may be in the form of a consultation or a direct order to the organization that performs the diagnostic study. Diagnostic studies are those that are not performed in the clinical laboratory. Such studies include, but are not limited to, imaging studies, cardiology studies (electrocardiogram, treadmill stress testing), pulmonary function testing, and vascular laboratory testing.

Timing: The time the order is signed; author dateTime.

Note: negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: This value set contains concepts that represent multiple types of encounters where blood pressure measurement screening can be performed.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use the Quality Data Model (QDM) category related to Encounter.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes only relevant concepts associated with encounters where the actual procedure of taking a blood pressure is performed.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Encounter, Performed: Encounter to Screen for Blood Pressure value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.600.1920)

QDM Datatype and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

"Encounter, Performed"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document that the encounter indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set is in progress or has been completed.

The "Encounter, Performed" participant references the primary participant.

Previous versions of QDM included an attribute principal diagnosis, defined as the condition that, after study, was determined to be the principal cause of the admission. QDM version 5.5 addresses that concept using the diagnosis rank=1.

A QDM Known Issue has been identified related to this datatype. To see this QDM known Issue, please click here

Timing:

  • The relevantPeriod addresses:
    • startTime - The time the encounter began (admission time).
    • stopTime - The time the encounter ended (discharge time).
  • author dateTime references the time the action was recorded.
  • Refer to the eCQM expression to determine allowable timings to meet measure criteria.

Notes:

  • negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.
  • The locationPeriod is an attribute of the attribute facility location that addresses:
    • startTime - the time the patient arrived at the location. The time the encounter began (admission time).
    • stopTime - the time the patient departed from the location.
Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: This value set contains concepts that represent dietary management.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use the Quality Data Model (QDM) category or attribute related to Intervention or Procedure.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes only relevant concepts associated with dietary management and nutritional education.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Intervention, Order: Dietary Recommendations value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.600.1515)

QDM Datatype and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

"Intervention, Order"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document a request to perform the intervention indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing: The time the order is signed; author dateTime.

Note: negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: This value set contains concepts that represent capturing the follow-up encounter within four weeks of the initial encounter.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use the Quality Data Model (QDM) category related to Encounter. Intention to represent follow-up visits within a 4-week period.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes only relevant concepts associated with capturing the follow-up between 1 day to 1 month of the initial finding.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Intervention, Order: Follow Up Within 4 Weeks value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1578)

QDM Datatype and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

"Intervention, Order"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document a request to perform the intervention indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing: The time the order is signed; author dateTime.

Note: negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: This value set contains concepts that represent capturing the follow-up encounter within one year of the initial encounter.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use the Quality Data Model (QDM) category related to Encounter. Intention to represent follow-up visits within a one-year period.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes only relevant concepts associated with capturing the follow-up between 1 day to 12 month of the initial finding.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Intervention, Order: Follow Up Within One Year value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1579)

QDM Datatype and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

"Intervention, Order"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document a request to perform the intervention indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing: The time the order is signed; author dateTime.

Note: negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: This value set contains concepts that represent the type of interventions relevant to lifestyle needs.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use the Quality Data Model (QDM) category related to Procedure or Intervention.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes only relevant concepts associated with the type of lifestyle education, particularly that related to hyperyension.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Intervention, Order: Lifestyle Recommendation value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1581)

QDM Datatype and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

"Intervention, Order"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document a request to perform the intervention indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing: The time the order is signed; author dateTime.

Note: negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: This value set contains concepts that represent exercise, education and nutrition.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use the Quality Data Model (QDM) category related to Intervention or Procedure.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes only relevant concepts associated with promoting exercise and nutrition regimens.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Intervention, Order: Recommendation to Increase Physical Activity value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.600.1518)

QDM Datatype and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

"Intervention, Order"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document a request to perform the intervention indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing: The time the order is signed; author dateTime.

Note: negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: This value set contains concepts that represent the type of interventions relevant to alcohol use.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use the Quality Data Model (QDM) category related to Procedure or Intervention.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes only relevant concepts associated with indicating the type of education provided, referral to community service or rehabilitation center for alcohol use.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Intervention, Order: Referral or Counseling for Alcohol Consumption value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1583)

QDM Datatype and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

"Intervention, Order"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document a request to perform the intervention indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing: The time the order is signed; author dateTime.

Note: negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: This value set contains concepts that represent referrals to an alternate or primary care provider.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use the Quality Data Model (QDM) category related to Intervention.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes only relevant concepts associated with the different types of services and providers.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Intervention, Order: Referral to Primary Care or Alternate Provider value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1580)

QDM Datatype and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

"Intervention, Order"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document a request to perform the intervention indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing: The time the order is signed; author dateTime.

Note: negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: This value set contains concepts that represent management and maintenance of weight.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use the Quality Data Model (QDM) category related to Intervention or Procedure.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes only relevant concepts associated with interventions addressing healthy eating, goal setting, weight management and maintenance.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Intervention, Order: Weight Reduction Recommended value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.600.1510)

QDM Datatype and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

"Intervention, Order"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document a request to perform the intervention indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing: The time the order is signed; author dateTime.

Note: negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: This value set contains concepts that represent laboratory tests that are commonly used with patients diagnosed with hypertension.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use the Quality Data Model (QDM) category related to Procedure.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes only relevant concepts associated with laboratory testing for patients diagnosed with hypertension.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Laboratory Test, Order: Laboratory Tests for Hypertension value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.600.1482)

QDM Datatype and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

"Laboratory Test, Order"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document a request for the laboratory test indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing: The time the order is signed; author dateTime.

Note: negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: This value set contains concepts that represent clinical medications prescribed for patients diagnosed with hypertension.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use the Quality Data Model (QDM) category related to Medication.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes only relevant concepts associated with semantic clinical drugs (concepts associated with component, form and strength); generic; prescribable; oral and injectable drug forms that are prescribed for treatment of hypertension.
Exclusion Criteria: Excludes branded drugs; components or ingredients only; non-prescribable.

Constrained to codes in the Medication, Order: Pharmacologic Therapy for Hypertension value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.1577)

QDM Datatype and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

"Medication, Order"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document a request to a pharmacy to provide the medication indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing:

  • relevantPeriod addresses the time referenced in the dosage instruction indicating when the medication administration should start and end.
  • In the initial publication of QDM 5.5, relevantPeriod referenced the validity period, i.e., the time period for which the ordered supply is authorized by the prescription authorizing the dispensing event.
  • For clarification, see Appendix 6.4 with additional guidance for referencing relevantPeriod updating the definition for Medication, Order, "Medication Dispensed", and "Substance, Order".
  • author dateTime references the date and time the medication order (prescription) or the reason for not ordering the medication (i.e., negationRationale) is authored.

Notes:

  • When calculating cumulative medication duration, the stopTime may be present directly in the medication order. If the stopTime is not available, the duration in days is the difference between the relevantPeriod start and stop times multiplied by (1 + the number of refills).
  • negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.

Refer to Special Cases in Appendix A (Section 5.7) for scenarios to consider in calculating cumulative medication duration.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: This value set contains concepts that represent medical reasons for when a patient does not receive a therapy or service.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use the Quality Data Model (QDM) attribute related to Negation Rationale.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes only relevant concepts associated with medically relevant reasons for not receiving a therapy or service.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Negation Rationale: Medical Reason 1 value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1007)

QDM Attribute and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

negationRationale

Indicates the reason that an action was not performed. Only QDM datatypes that represent actions (e.g., performed, recommended, communication, order, dispensed) allow the negation rationale attribute. The intent is to indicate a justification that such action did not happen as expected. This attribute specifically does not address the presence or absence of information in a clinical record (e.g., documented absence of allergies versus lack of documentation about allergies). QDM assumes a world view that absence of evidence indicates information does not exist or an action did not happen. To express such lack of evidence, an eCQM author should use the CQL expression not exists with reference to the data element rather than the QDM data model. negation rationale in QDM signifies only a reason for such absence, i.e., the reason must be present to qualify for negation rationale. The syntax in the human readable HQMF is addressed in CQL examples and in the MAT User Guide. Prior versions of QDM used the syntax, "Procedure, Performed not done." QDM versions starting with 5.3 use the syntax, "Procedure, not Performed." Section A-5 provides examples for expressing negation rationale in CQL.

A QDM Known Issue has been identified related to this attribute. To see this QDM known Issue, please click here.

Note: negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: This value set contains concepts that represent a reason for patient refusal.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use the Quality Data Model (QDM) attribute related to Negation Rationale.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes only relevant concepts associated with identifying a patient's reason for refusing treatment.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Negation Rationale: Patient Declined 1 value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1582)

QDM Attribute and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

negationRationale

Indicates the reason that an action was not performed. Only QDM datatypes that represent actions (e.g., performed, recommended, communication, order, dispensed) allow the negation rationale attribute. The intent is to indicate a justification that such action did not happen as expected. This attribute specifically does not address the presence or absence of information in a clinical record (e.g., documented absence of allergies versus lack of documentation about allergies). QDM assumes a world view that absence of evidence indicates information does not exist or an action did not happen. To express such lack of evidence, an eCQM author should use the CQL expression not exists with reference to the data element rather than the QDM data model. negation rationale in QDM signifies only a reason for such absence, i.e., the reason must be present to qualify for negation rationale. The syntax in the human readable HQMF is addressed in CQL examples and in the MAT User Guide. Prior versions of QDM used the syntax, "Procedure, Performed not done." QDM versions starting with 5.3 use the syntax, "Procedure, not Performed." Section A-5 provides examples for expressing negation rationale in CQL.

A QDM Known Issue has been identified related to this attribute. To see this QDM known Issue, please click here.

Note: negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.

Direct Reference Code

Constrained to 'Birth date' LOINC code

QDM Datatype and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

"Patient Characteristic, Birthdate"

The "Patient Characteristic Birthdate" should document the patient’s date of birth.

Timing: The "Patient Characteristic, Birthdate" is a single point in time representing the date and time of birth. It does not have a start and stop time.

Note: "Patient Characteristic Birthdate" is fixed to LOINC code 21112-8 (Birth date) and therefore cannot be further qualified with a value set.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: n/a Data Element Scope: n/a Inclusion Criteria: n/a Exclusion Criteria: n/a

Constrained to codes in the Patient Characteristic, Ethnicity: Ethnicity value set (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.837)

QDM Datatype and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

"Patient Characteristic, Ethnicity"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document that the patient has one or more of the ethnicities indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing: Ethnicity does not have a specific timing. Measures using "Patient Characteristic, Ethnicity" should address the most recent entry in the clinical record.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: Categories of types of health care payor entities as defined by the US Public Health Data Consortium SOP code system
Data Element Scope: @code in CCDA r2.1 template Planned Coverage [act: identifier urn:oid:2.16.840.1.113883.10.20.22.4.129 (open)] DYNAMIC
Inclusion Criteria: All codes in the code system
Exclusion Criteria: none

Constrained to codes in the Patient Characteristic, Payer: Payer value set (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.3591)

QDM Datatype and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

"Patient Characteristic, Payer"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document that the patient has one or more of the payers indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing:

The relevantPeriod addresses:

  • startTime – the first day of insurance coverage with the referenced payer.
  • stopTime – the last day of insurance coverage with the referenced payer.
Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: n/a Data Element Scope: n/a Inclusion Criteria: n/a Exclusion Criteria: n/a

Constrained to codes in the Patient Characteristic, Race: Race value set (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.836)

QDM Datatype and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

"Patient Characteristic, Race"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the patient’s race.

Timing: Race does not have a specific timing. Measures using "Patient Characteristic, Race" should address the most recent entry in the clinical record.

Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: Gender identity restricted to only Male and Female used in administrative situations requiring a restriction to these two categories.
Data Element Scope: Gender
Inclusion Criteria: Male and Female only.
Exclusion Criteria: Any gender identity that is not male or female.

Constrained to codes in the Patient Characteristic, Sex: ONC Administrative Sex value set (2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1)

QDM Datatype and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

"Patient Characteristic, Sex"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document that the patient's sex matches the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing: Birth (administrative) sex does not have a specific timing.

Direct Reference Code

Constrained to 'Diastolic blood pressure' LOINC code

QDM Datatype and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

"Physical Exam, Performed"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the completion of the physical exam indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing:

  • relevant dateTime references the time the physical exam is performed when the physical exam occurs at a single point in time.
  • relevantPeriod references a start and stop time for a physical exam that occurs over a time interval. relevantPeriod addresses:
    • startTime - The time the physical exam begins.
    • stopTime - The time the physical exam ends.
  • author dateTime references the time the action was recorded.
  • Refer to the eCQM expression to determine allowable timings to meet measure criteria.

Notes:

  • Timing refers to a single instance of a physical examination activity. If a measure seeks to evaluate multiple physical examination activities over a period of time, the measure developer should use CQL logic to represent the query request.
  • negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.
Direct Reference Code

Constrained to 'Systolic blood pressure' LOINC code

QDM Datatype and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

"Physical Exam, Performed"

Data elements that meet criteria using this datatype should document the completion of the physical exam indicated by the QDM category and its corresponding value set.

Timing:

  • relevant dateTime references the time the physical exam is performed when the physical exam occurs at a single point in time.
  • relevantPeriod references a start and stop time for a physical exam that occurs over a time interval. relevantPeriod addresses:
    • startTime - The time the physical exam begins.
    • stopTime - The time the physical exam ends.
  • author dateTime references the time the action was recorded.
  • Refer to the eCQM expression to determine allowable timings to meet measure criteria.

Notes:

  • Timing refers to a single instance of a physical examination activity. If a measure seeks to evaluate multiple physical examination activities over a period of time, the measure developer should use CQL logic to represent the query request.
  • negation rationale indicates a one-time documentation of a reason an activity is not performed. Negation of QDM datatype-related actions for a reason always use the author dateTime attribute to reference timing and must not use relevantPeriod.
Value Set Description from VSAC
Clinical Focus: This value set contains concepts that represent elevated blood pressure or hypertension.
Data Element Scope: This value set may use the Quality Data Model (QDM) categories or attributes related to a Diagnosis or Finding.
Inclusion Criteria: Includes only relevant concepts associated with elevated blood pressure or hypertension.
Exclusion Criteria: No exclusions.

Constrained to codes in the Reason: Finding Of Elevated Blood Pressure Or Hypertension value set (2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1047.514)

QDM Attribute and Definition (QDM Version 5.5 Guidance Update)

reason

The thought process or justification for the datatype. In some measures, specific treatments are acceptable inclusion criteria only if a justified reason is present. Each of these measures uses a value set (often, but not exclusively, using SNOMED CT) to express acceptable justification reasons. Other measures specify reasons as justification for exclusions. Examples include patient, system, or medical-related reasons for declining to perform specific actions. Each of these measures also uses a value set to express acceptable justification reasons for declining to perform expected actions.