Statin Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease

Percentage of the following patients - all considered at high risk of cardiovascular events - who were prescribed or were on statin therapy during the measurement period:

 

  
Patients greater than or equal to 18 years of age who were previously diagnosed with or currently have a diagnosis of clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), including an ASCVD procedure; OR
 
 

  
Patients aged 20 to 75 years who have ever had a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level >= 190 mg/dL or were previously diagnosed with or currently have an active diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia; OR
 
 

  
Patients aged 40-75 years with a diagnosis of diabetes; OR
 
 

  
Patients aged 40 to 75 with a 10-year ASCVD risk score of >= 20 percent
 

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None

None

This measure is intended to have one reporting rate, which aggregates the following populations into a single performance rate for reporting purposes:

 

  
Population 1: Patients greater than or equal to 18 years of age at the beginning of the measurement period were previously diagnosed with or currently have a diagnosis of clinical ASCVD, including an ASCVD procedure before the end of the measurement period.
 
 

  
Population 2: Patients aged 20 to 75 years at the beginning of the measurement period who have ever had a laboratory result of LDL-C >= 190 mg/dL or were previously diagnosed with or currently have an active diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia.
 
 

  
Population 3: Patients aged 40 to 75 years at the beginning of the measurement period with an active diagnosis of Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes at any time during the measurement period.
 
 

  
Population 4: Patients aged 40 to 75 at the beginning of the measurement period with a 10-year ASCVD risk score of > = 20 percent during the measurement period.
 

For the purposes of this measure, a single performance rate can be calculated as follows:
Performance Rate = (Numerator 1 + Numerator 2 + Numerator 3 + Numerator 4)/ [(Denominator 1 - Denominator Exclusions 1- Denominator Exceptions 1) + (Denominator 2 - Denominator Exclusions 2 - Denominator Exceptions 2) + (Denominator 3 - Denominator Exclusions 3 - Denominator Exceptions 3) + (Denominator 4 - Denominator Exclusions 4 - Denominator Exceptions 4)]

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States, accounting for about one in four deaths in the United States in 2023 (Murphy et al., 2023). In 2020, the average annual direct (e.g., hospitalizations, medications) and indirect (e.g., lost productivity) cost due to CVD was estimated to be $422.3 billion (Martin et al., 2024).
Elevated blood cholesterol is a major risk factor for CVD. Cholesterol levels are typically measured by the amount of “good” high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol or “bad” low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood, or by “total cholesterol” which includes both HDL and LDL cholesterol levels in the blood. According to 2017 to 2020 data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), about 10% of adults ages 20 years of age and older have been diagnosed with high total cholesterol (>240 mg/dL) and another 35% of adults have been diagnosed with “borderline high” total cholesterol (200-239 mg/dL). Additionally, 25.5% of adults had LDL cholesterol >130 mg/dL and 16.9% had HDL cholesterol <40 mg/dL (Martin et al., 2024).
Statin therapy is one intervention to address high cholesterol. These medications can lower total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations while increasing HDL cholesterol (Sizar et al., 2025). Statin therapy is divided into three categories, based on intensity: high-intensity statin therapy typically lowers LDL cholesterol by >50%, moderate-intensity therapy by 30-49%, and low-intensity therapy by <30% (Grundy et al., 2018). Despite recommendations from professional organizations, studies have found that patients who are eligible for statin therapy are not always prescribed statins according to guideline recommendations (Grundy et al., 2018; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 2022; Patel et al., 2025; Frank et al., 2023; Jacobs et al., 2023). One study surveying U.S. cardiology, primary care, and endocrinology practices found that 1 in 4 guideline-eligible patients were not on a statin and less than half were on the recommended statin intensity. Untreated and undertreated patients had significantly higher LDL-C levels than those receiving guideline-directed statin treatment (Navar et al., 2017). In a follow-up study the same clinics were divided into tertiles based on the percentage of patients with guideline-recommended statin use. The researchers found that patients in the high-tertile clinics were more likely to achieve target LDL-C levels than patients at the low- or mid-tertile clinics, and this held true when patients were stratified by primary and secondary prevention (Nanna, Navar, et al., 2019).
Research also indicates that certain populations are far less likely to receive guideline-recommended statin therapy than others. Retrospective studies using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data have found that Black and Hispanic race or ethnicity, low income, lack of health insurance coverage, poor health care access, young age, and female gender are predictors of lower statin utilization (Frank et al., 2023; Navar et al., 2017; Gu et al., 2018; Zheutlin et al., 2023; Lu et al., 2023). In particular, there is extensive evidence that women are far less likely than men to be prescribed guideline-recommended statin therapy despite research showing that female patients with cardiovascular disease derive the same or greater benefit from statin therapy as male patients with cardiovascular disease (Frank et al., 2023; Navar et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2016; Nanna, Wang, et al., 2019; Metser et al., 2021; Mansoor et al., 2025; Puri et al., 2014).

The 2018 AHA/ACC Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol supports the use of statins as the first line of cholesterol-lowering medication therapy to lower the risk of ASCVD among at-risk populations. The AHA/ACC guidelines define ASCVD as patients with coronary heart disease (e.g., acute coronary syndrome (ACS), myocardial infarction (MI), stable or unstable angina, coronary or other arterial revascularization), cerebrovascular disease (i.e., stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA)), peripheral artery disease (PAD), or aortic atherosclerotic disease (e.g., abdominal aortic aneurysm). For primary prevention, the AHA/ACC guidelines suggest moderate- to high-intensity statin therapy for intermediate risk patients (7.5% to <20%) after patient-provider discussions regarding ASCVD risk factors, lifestyle modifications, and potential adverse effects. For secondary prevention, the guidelines state that “As a primary recommendation, high-intensity statin therapy is indicated for clinical ASCVD, but if this cannot be used, moderate-intensity statin therapy can be initiated...In patients >75 years of age with ASCVD, potential benefits versus adverse effects of statin therapy should be considered before initiation of statin therapy.” The guidelines support treating patients with severe hypercholesterolemia with statins given their high lifetime risk of ASCVD events. The guidelines also support the use of moderate-intensity statin therapy for patients with diabetes mellitus who are ages 40 to 75 years, noting that high-intensity statin therapy is preferred for patients with diabetes mellitus as they age or if they are at increased risk for ASCVD events (Grundy et al., 2018).
In 2022, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) concluded with moderate certainty there is a moderate net benefit of statin use in adults aged 40 to 75 years with (1) no history of CVD, and (2) who have >1 CVD risk factors, such as dyslipidemia, hypertension or smoking, and (3) who have an estimated 10-year CVD event risk of 10% or greater. For adults with an estimated 10-year CVD event risk of 7.5% to less than 10%, the USPSTF concluded with moderate certainty that there is at least a small net benefit of statin use and that the use of statin therapy should be based on individual patient preferences. The USPSTF concluded that there is insufficient evidence to assess the balance of benefits versus harms of statin use for primary prevention in adults 76 years of age or older with no history of CVD (USPSTF, 2022).

Higher score indicates better quality

Reference Type: Citation

Reference Text: 
Frank, D. A., Johnson, A. E., Hausmann, L. R. M., Gellad, W. F., Roberts, E. T., & Vajravelu, R. K. (2023). Disparities in guideline-recommended statin use for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease by race, ethnicity, and gender: A nationally representative cross-sectional analysis of adults in the United States. Annals of Internal Medicine, 176(8), 1057–1066. https://doi.org/10.7326/M23-0720

Reference Type: Citation

Reference Text: 
Grundy, S. M., Stone, N. J., Bailey, A. L., Beam, C., Birtcher, K. K., Blumenthal, R. S., Braun, L. T., De Ferranti, S., Faiella-Tommasino, J., Forman, D. E., Goldberg, R., Heidenreich, P. A., Hlatky, M. A., Jones, D. W., Lloyd-Jones, D., Lopez-Pajares, N., Ndumele, C. E., Orringer, C. E., Peralta, C. A., … Yeboah, J. (2019). 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: Executive summary. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 73(24), 3168–3209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.002

Reference Type: Citation

Reference Text: 
Gu, A., Kamat, S., & Argulian, E. (2018). Trends and disparities in statin use and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels among U.S. patients with diabetes, 1999–2014. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 139, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.019

Reference Type: Citation

Reference Text: 
Jacobs, J. A., Addo, D. K., Zheutlin, A. R., Derington, C. G., Essien, U. R., Navar, A. M., Hernandez, I., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., King, J. B., Rao, S., Herrick, J. S., Bress, A. P., & Pandey, A. (2023). Prevalence of statin use for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease by race, ethnicity, and 10-year disease risk in the U.S.: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2013 to March 2020. JAMA Cardiology, 8(5), 443. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2023.0228

Reference Type: Citation

Reference Text: 
Lu, Y., Liu, Y., Dhingra, L. S., Caraballo, C., Mahajan, S., Massey, D., Spatz, E. S., Sharma, R., Rodriguez, F., Watson, K. E., Masoudi, F. A., & Krumholz, H. M. (2023). National trends in racial and ethnic disparities in use of recommended therapies in adults with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, 1999-2020. JAMA Network Open, 6(12), e2345964. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.45964

Reference Type: Citation

Reference Text: 
Mansoor, H., Manion, D., Kucharska-Newton, A., Delcher, C., Lo-Ciganic, W.-H., Jicha, G. A., & Moga, D. C. (2025). Sex differences in prescription patterns and medication adherence to guideline-directed medical therapy among patients with ischemic stroke. Stroke, 56(2), 318–325. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.124.048058

Reference Type: Citation

Reference Text: 
Martin, S. S., Aday, A. W., Almarzooq, Z. I., Anderson, C. A. M., Arora, P., Avery, C. L., Baker-Smith, C. M., Barone Gibbs, B., Beaton, A. Z., Boehme, A. K., Commodore-Mensah, Y., Currie, M. E., Elkind, M. S. V., Evenson, K. R., Generoso, G., Heard, D. G., Hiremath, S., Johansen, M. C., Kalani, R., … on behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. (2024). 2024 heart disease and stroke statistics: A report of U.S. and global data from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 149(8). https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001209

Reference Type: Citation

Reference Text: 
Metser, G., Bradley, C., Moise, N., Liyanage-Don, N., Kronish, I., & Ye, S. (2021). Gaps and disparities in primary prevention statin prescription during outpatient care. The American Journal of Cardiology, 161, 36–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.08.070

Reference Type: Citation

Reference Text: 
Murphy, S. L., Kochanek, K. D., Xu, J., & Arias, E. (2024). Mortality in the United States, 2023. National Center Health Statistics (U.S.). https://doi.org/10.15620/cdc/170564

Reference Type: Citation

Reference Text: 
Nanna, M. G., Navar, A. M., Wang, T. Y., Li, S., Virani, S. S., Li, Z., Robinson, J. G., Roger, V. L., Wilson, P. W. F., Goldberg, A. C., Koren, A., Louie, M. J., & Peterson, E. D. (2019). Practice-level variation in statin use and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol control in the United States: Results from the Patient and Provider Assessment of Lipid Management (PALM) registry. American Heart Journal, 214, 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2019.05.009

Reference Type: Citation

Reference Text: 
Nanna, M. G., Wang, T. Y., Xiang, Q., Goldberg, A. C., Robinson, J. G., Roger, V. L., Virani, S. S., Wilson, P. W. F., Louie, M. J., Koren, A., Li, Z., Peterson, E. D., & Navar, A. M. (2019). Sex differences in the use of statins in community practice: Patient and provider assessment of lipid management registry. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 12(8), e005562. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.118.005562

Reference Type: Citation

Reference Text: 
Navar, A. M., Wang, T. Y., Li, S., Robinson, J. G., Goldberg, A. C., Virani, S., Roger, V. L., Wilson, P. W. F., Elassal, J., Lee, L. V., & Peterson, E. D. (2017). Lipid management in contemporary community practice: Results from the provider assessment of lipid management (PALM) registry. American Heart Journal, 193, 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2017.08.005

Reference Type: Citation

Reference Text: 
Patel, S. B., Wyne, K. L., Afreen, S., Belalcazar, L. M., Bird, M. D., Coles, S., Marrs, J. C., Peng, C. C.-H., Pulipati, V. P., Sultan, S., & Zilbermint, M. (2025). American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline on pharmacologic management of adults with dyslipidemia. Endocrine Practice, 31(2), 236–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eprac.2024.09.016

Reference Type: Citation

Reference Text: 
Puri, R., Nissen, S. E., Shao, M., Ballantyne, C. M., Barter, P. J., Chapman, M. J., Erbel, R., Libby, P., Raichlen, J. S., Uno, K., Kataoka, Y., & Nicholls, S. J. (2014). Sex-related differences of coronary atherosclerosis regression following maximally intensive statin therapy. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging, 7(10), 1013–1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.04.019

Reference Type: Citation

Reference Text: 
Sizar, O., Khare, S., Patel, P., & Talati, R. (2025). Statin medications. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430940/

Reference Type: Citation

Reference Text: 
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2022). Statin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 328(8), 746. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.13044

Reference Type: Citation

Reference Text: 
Zhang, H., Plutzky, J., Shubina, M., & Turchin, A. (2016). Drivers of the sex disparity in statin therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: A cohort study. PLOS ONE, 11(5), e0155228. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155228

Reference Type: Citation

Reference Text: 
Zheutlin, A. R., Jacobs, J. A., Derington, C. G., Chaitoff, A., Navar, A. M., & Bress, A. P. (2023). Age-based disparities in statin use for primary prevention in U.S. adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2013–2020. Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 17(5), 688–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2023.08.005

Clinical Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) Includes:

 

  
Acute coronary syndromes
 
 

  
History of myocardial infarction
 
 

  
Stable or unstable angina
 
 

  
Coronary or other arterial revascularization
 
 

  
Stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA)
 
 

  
Peripheral arterial disease of atherosclerotic origin
 

Lipoprotein Density Cholesterol (LDL-C) Result:

 

  
A fasting or non-fasting LDL-C laboratory test performed and direct or calculated test result documented in the medical record. When both direct and calculated test results are available on the same day, the direct LDL-C test result should be used.
 

Statin Therapy:

 

  
Administration of one or more of a group of medications that are used to lower plasma lipoprotein levels in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia.
 

Statin Medication Therapy List (NOTE: List does NOT include dosage):

 
  
  
  
 
 

  

   

    
Generic Name
   
   

    
Brand or Trade Name
   
   

    
Medication Type
   
  
  

   

    
Atorvastatin
   
   

    
Lipitor
   
   

    
Statin
   
  
  

   

    
Fluvastatin
   
   

    
Lescol XL or Lescol
   
   

    
Statin
   
  
  

   

    
Lovastatin (Mevinolin)
   
   

    
Mevacor or Altoprev
   
   

    
Statin
   
  
  

   

    
Pitavastatin
   
   

    
Livalo or Zypitamag or Nikita
   
   

    
Statin
   
  
  

   

    
Pravastatin Sodium
   
   

    
Pravachol
   
   

    
Statin
   
  
  

   

    
Rosuvastatin Calcium
   
   

    
Crestor
   
   

    
Statin
   
  
  

   

    
Simvastatin
   
   

    
Zocor
   
   

    
Statin
   
  
  

   

    
Amlodipine Besylate/Atorvastatin Calcium
   
   

    
Caduet
   
   

    
Fixed Dose Combination
   
  
  

   

    
Ezetimibe/Rosuvastatin
   
   

    
Roszet
   
   

    
Fixed Dose Combination
   
  
  

   

    
Ezetimibe/Simvastatin
   
   

    
Vytorin
   
   

    
Fixed Dose Combination
   
  
 

Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms (SAMS):

 

  
The 2018 ACC/AHA/MS Guideline (Grundy et al., 2019) includes the following SAMS: myalgias, myositis, myopathy, or statin-associated autoimmune myopathy. Patients who experience significant or repeated statin-associated muscle symptoms may prefer not to take or continue statin therapy and therefore may be removed from the denominator.
 

Initial Population Guidance: The initial population covers four distinct populations. Use the following process to prevent counting patients more than once.
Initial Population 1: Patients greater than or equal to 18 years of age at the beginning of the measurement period who were previously diagnosed with or currently have a diagnosis of clinical ASCVD, including an ASCVD procedure before the end of the measurement period.

 

  
If YES, meets Initial Population 1 risk category.
 
 

  
If NO, screen for next risk category.
 

Initial Population 2: Patients aged 20 to 75 years at the beginning of the measurement period who have ever had a laboratory test result of LDL-C >= 190 mg/dL or were previously diagnosed with or currently have an active diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia.

 

  
If YES, meets Initial Population 2 risk category.
 
 

  
If NO, screen for next risk category.
 

Initial Population 3: Patients aged 40 to 75 years at the beginning of the measurement period with an active diagnosis of Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes at any time during the measurement period.

 

  
If YES, meets Initial Population 3 risk category.
 
 

  
If NO, screen for next risk category.
 

Initial Population 4: Patients aged 40 to 75 at the beginning of the measurement period with a 10-year ASCVD risk score of >= 20 percent during the measurement period.

 

  
If YES, meets Initial Population 4 risk category.
 
 

  
If NO, patient does NOT meet Initial Population criteria and is NOT eligible for measure inclusion.
 

Initial Population Guidance for Encounter: In order for the patient to be included in the Initial Population, the patient must have ONE initial population-eligible visit, defined as follows: outpatient visit, initial or established office visit, face-to-face interaction, preventive care services, or annual wellness visit.
LDL-C Laboratory Test Result Options: The measure can be reported for all patients with a documented LDL-C level recorded as follows:

 

  
To meet Initial Population 1: There is no LDL-C result required.
 
 

  
To meet Initial Population 2: If a patient has ANY previous laboratory result of LDL-C >= 190 mg/dL, report the highest value >= 190 mg/dL.
 
 

  
To meet Initial Population 3: There is no LDL-C result required.
 
 

  
To meet Initial Population 4: There is no LDL-C result required.
 

The 10-Year ASCVD Risk Assessment Options: The 10-year ASCVD risk score is calculated using:

 

  
The 2013 ACC/AHA ASCVD Risk Estimator (maps to LOINC Code 79423-0); OR
 
 

  
The ACC Risk Estimator Plus (maps to LOINC Code 99055-6); OR
 
 

  
The AHA's Predicting Risk of Cardiovascular Disease EVENTs (PREVENT): PREVENT-ASCVD 10-year Calculator (maps to LOINC Code 99055-6)
 

If your EHR does not have any of these risk calculators, we recommend that you use the on-line versions. The 10-year ASCVD risk score (quantitative result, i.e., result.value, "%") must be documented in a structured field. The 10-year ASCVD risk assessment must be performed during the measurement period. Any documentation of a 10-year ASCVD risk score >=20% during the measurement period qualifies the patient for the denominator population, even if the patient's risk score changes later in the measurement period to <20%.
Numerator Instructions and Guidance:

 

  
Current statin therapy use must be documented in the patient's current medication list or ordered during the measurement period.
 
 

  
ONLY statin therapy meets the measure Numerator criteria (NOT other cholesterol lowering medications).
 
 

  
Prescription or order does NOT need to be linked to an encounter or visit; it may be called to the pharmacy.
 
 

  
Statin medication "samples" provided to patients can be documented as "current statin therapy" if documented in the medication list in health/medical record.
 
 

  
Patients who meet the denominator criteria for inclusion, but are not prescribed or using statin therapy, will NOT meet performance for this measure unless they have an allowable denominator exception. Patients with an allowable denominator exception should be removed from the denominator of the measure and reported as a valid exception.
 
 

  
There is only one performance rate calculated for this measure: the weighted average of the four populations.
 
 

  
Adherence to statin therapy is not calculated in this measure.
 
 

  
It may not be appropriate to prescribe statin therapy for some patients (see exceptions and exclusions for the complete list).
 

Intensity of Statin Therapy in Primary and Secondary Prevention: The expert panel of the 2018 ACC/AHA/MS Guidelines (Grundy et al., 2019) defines recommended intensity of statin therapy on the basis of the average expected LDL-C response to specific statin and dose. Although intensity of statin therapy is important in managing cholesterol, this measure assesses prescription of ANY statin therapy, irrespective of intensity. Assessment of appropriate intensity and dosage documentation added too much complexity to allow inclusion of statin therapy intensity in the measure at this time.
Lifestyle Modification Coaching: A healthy lifestyle is important for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, lifestyle modification monitoring and documentation added too much complexity to allow its inclusion in the measure at this time.
Millimoles per liter (mmol/L) must be converted to milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) for reporting this measure.
This eCQM is a patient-based measure. This version of the eCQM uses QDM version 5.6. Please refer to the eCQI resource center (https://ecqi.healthit.gov/qdm) for more information on the QDM.

TBD

Population 1: Patients greater than or equal to 18 years of age at the beginning of the measurement period who were previously diagnosed with or currently have a diagnosis of clinical ASCVD, including an ASCVD procedure before the end of the measurement period
Population 2: Patients aged 20 to 75 years at the beginning of the measurement period who have ever had a laboratory result of LDL-C >=190 mg/dL or were previously diagnosed with or currently have an active diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia
Population 3: Patients aged 40 to 75 years at the beginning of the measurement period with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes
Population 4: Patients aged 40 to 75 at the beginning of the measurement period with a 10-year ASCVD risk score (i.e., 2013 ACC/AHA ASCVD Risk Estimator or the ACC Risk Estimator Plus) of >= 20 percent during the measurement period

Equals Initial Population

 

  
Patients who are breastfeeding at any time during the measurement period
 
 

  
Patients who are pregnant at any time during the measurement period
 
 

  
Patients who have a diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis prior to the end of the measurement period
 

Patients who are actively using or who receive an order (prescription) for statin therapy at any time during the measurement period

None

 

  
Patients with statin-associated muscle symptoms or an allergy to statin medication
 
 

  
Patients who are receiving palliative or hospice care
 
 

  
Patients with active liver disease or hepatic disease or insufficiency
 
 

  
Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
 
 

  
Patients with documentation of a medical reason for not being prescribed statin therapy
 

For every patient evaluated by this measure also identify payer, race, ethnicity and sex

None