eCQM Title

Follow-Up Care for Children Prescribed ADHD Medication (ADD)

eCQM Identifier (Measure Authoring Tool)

136

eCQM Version Number

13.0.000

NQF Number

Not Applicable

GUID

703cc49b-b653-4885-80e8-245a057f5ae9

Measurement Period

January 1, 20XX through December 31, 20XX

Measure Steward

National Committee for Quality Assurance

Measure Developer

National Committee for Quality Assurance

Endorsed By

None

Description

Percentage of children 6-12 years of age and newly prescribed a medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who had appropriate follow-up care. Two rates are reported.  
a. Percentage of children who had one follow-up visit with a practitioner with prescribing authority during the 30-Day Initiation Phase.
b. Percentage of children who remained on ADHD medication for at least 210 treatment days and who, in addition to the visit in the Initiation Phase, had at least two additional follow-up visits with a practitioner within 270 days (9 months) after the Initiation Phase ended.

This Physician Performance Measure (Measure) and related data specifications are owned and were developed by the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA). NCQA is not responsible for any use of the Measure. NCQA makes no representations, warranties, or endorsement about the quality of any organization or physician that uses or reports performance measures and NCQA has no liability to anyone who relies on such measures or specifications. NCQA holds a copyright in the Measure. The Measure can be reproduced and distributed, without modification, for noncommercial purposes (e.g., use by healthcare providers in connection with their practices) without obtaining approval from NCQA. Commercial use is defined as the sale, licensing, or distribution of the Measure for commercial gain, or incorporation of the Measure into a product or service that is sold, licensed or distributed for commercial gain. All commercial uses or requests for modification must be approved by NCQA and are subject to a license at the discretion of NCQA. (C) 2012-2022 National Committee for Quality Assurance. All Rights Reserved.

Limited proprietary coding is contained in the Measure specifications for user convenience. Users of proprietary code sets should obtain all necessary licenses from the owners of the code sets. NCQA disclaims all liability for use or accuracy of any third-party codes contained in the specifications.

CPT(R) codes, descriptions and other data are copyright 2022. American Medical Association. All rights reserved. CPT is a trademark of the American Medical Association. No fee schedules, basic units, relative values or related listings are included in CPT. The AMA assumes no liability for the data contained herein. Applicable FARS/DFARS restrictions apply to government use.

Disclaimer

The performance Measure is not a clinical guideline and does not establish a standard of medical care, and has not been tested for all potential applications. THE MEASURE AND SPECIFICATIONS ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND.
 
Due to technical limitations, registered trademarks are indicated by (R) or [R] and unregistered trademarks are indicated by (TM) or [TM].

Measure Scoring

Proportion

Measure Type

Process

Stratification

None

Risk Adjustment

None

Rate Aggregation

None

Rationale

ADHD is one of the more common chronic conditions of childhood. Children with ADHD may experience significant functional problems, such as school difficulties; academic underachievement; troublesome relationships with family members and peers; and behavioral problems (AAP, 2000). Given the high prevalence of ADHD among school-aged children (4%–12%), primary care clinicians will regularly encounter children with ADHD and should have a strategy for diagnosing and long-term management of this condition (AAP, 2001). 

Practitioners can convey the efficacy of pharmacotherapy to their patients. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines recommend that once a child is stable, an office visit every three to six months allows assessment of learning and behavior (AAP, 2001). Follow-up appointments should be made at least monthly until the child’s symptoms have been stabilized (AACAP, 2007).

Providers have an opportunity to track medication use in patients and provide the appropriate follow-up care to monitor clinical symptoms and potential adverse events.

Clinical Recommendation Statement

American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation and Treatment of ADHD in Children and Adolescents (2019)
- Key Action Statement (KAS) 1: The pediatrician or other primary care clinicians (PCC) should initiate an evaluation for ADHD for any child or adolescent age 4 years to the 18th birthday who presents with academic or behavioral problems and symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsivity. Grade B: Strong Recommendation
- KAS 4: ADHD is a chronic condition; therefore, the PCC should manage children and adolescents with ADHD in the same manner that they would children and youth with special health care needs, following the principles of the chronic care model and the medical home. Grade B: Strong Recommendation
- KAS 5b: For elementary and middle school-aged children (age 6 years to the 12th birthday) with ADHD, the PCC should prescribe FDA-approved medications for ADHD, along with parent training in behavior management (PTBM) and/or behavioral classroom intervention (preferably both PTBM and behavioral classroom interventions). Educational interventions and individualized instructional supports, including school environment, class placement, instructional placement, and behavioral supports, are a necessary part of any treatment plan and often include an IEP or a rehabilitation plan (504 plan). Grade A: Strong Recommendation
- KAS 6. “The PCC should titrate doses of medication for ADHD to achieve maximum benefit with tolerable side effects”. Grade B, strong recommendation

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with ADHD (2007)
- Overall Guideline: The key to effective long-term management of the patient with ADHD is continuity of care with a clinician experienced in the treatment of ADHD. The frequency and duration of follow-up sessions should be individualized for each family and patient, depending on the severity of ADHD symptoms; the degree of comorbidity of other psychiatric illness; the response to treatment; and the degree of impairment in home, school, work, or peer-related activities. The clinician should establish an effective mechanism for receiving feedback from the family and other important informants in the patient's environment to be sure symptoms are well controlled and side effects are minimal. Although this parameter does not seek to set a formula for the method of follow-up, significant contact with the clinician should typically occur two to four times per year in cases of uncomplicated ADHD and up to weekly sessions at times of severe dysfunction or complications of treatment.
- Recommendation 6: A Well-Thought-Out and Comprehensive Treatment Plan Should Be Developed for the Patient With ADHD. The treatment plan should be reviewed regularly and modified if the patient's symptoms do not respond. Minimal Standard [MS]
- Recommendation 9. During a Psychopharmacological Intervention for ADHD, the Patient Should Be Monitored for Treatment-Emergent Side Effects. Minimal Standard [MS]
- Recommendation 12. Patients Should Be Assessed Periodically to Determine Whether There Is Continued Need for Treatment or If Symptoms Have Remitted. Treatment of ADHD Should Continue as Long as Symptoms Remain Present and Cause Impairment. Minimal Standard [MS]

Improvement Notation

Higher score indicates better quality

Reference

Reference Type: CITATION

Reference Text: 'American Academy of Pediatrics. (2019). Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 144(4), 1-25.'

Reference

Reference Type: CITATION

Reference Text: 'American Academy of Pediatrics. (2001). Clinical practice guideline: treatment of the school-aged child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 108(4), 1033–44.'

Reference

Reference Type: CITATION

Reference Text: 'American Academy of Pediatrics. (2000). Clinical practice guideline: diagnosis and evaluation of the child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 105(5), 1158-1170.'

Reference

Reference Type: CITATION

Reference Text: 'Pliszka, S., & AACAP Work Group on Quality Issues. (2007). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP), 46(7), 894-921.'

Definition

Intake Period: The twelve-month period starting March 1 of the year prior to the measurement period and ending the last calendar day of February of the measurement period.

Index Prescription Start Date (IPSD): The earliest prescription date for an ADHD medication where the date is in the Intake Period and the patient is not actively on ADHD medication during the 120 days prior. 

Initiation Phase: The 30 days following the IPSD. 

Continuation and Maintenance Phase: The 300 days following the IPSD.

Treatment days (covered days): The actual number of calendar days covered with prescriptions during the 301-day period. 
Use the following steps to identify and calculate covered days. 
Step 1: For same medications that are prescribed on the same day or on different days with overlapping days supply, the days supply is summed. The start and end dates are then identified. The start date is the date of service of the earliest prescription event and the first covered day. The end date is the calendar day when the days supply runs out. The start date through the end date are considered covered days. This rule assumes that the patient will take one prescription at a time (and start taking the next prescription after exhausting the previous prescription). For example: 
- If there are three 7-days supply prescription events for the same medication on January 1, the start date is January 1 and the end date is January 21. Covered days include January 1–21.  
- If there are two 7-days supply prescription events for the same medication on January 1 and January 5, the start date is January 1 and the end date is January 14. Covered days include January 1–14. 
- If there are three 7-days supply prescription events for the same medication on January 1, a 7-days supply prescription event on January 20 and a 7-days supply prescription event on January 28, the start date is January 1 and the end date is February 4. Covered days include January 1–February 4.  
Step 2: For all other events (multiple prescriptions for the same medication on different days without overlap, multiple prescriptions for different medications on the same or different days, with or without overlap), the covered days are identified by the start and end dates for each prescription event individually. The start date through the end date are considered covered days. This rule assumes the member will take the different medications concurrently. 
Step 3: Each calendar day covered by one or more medications is considered one covered day.

Guidance

This eCQM is a patient-based measure.
 
This version of the eCQM uses QDM version 5.6. Please refer to the eCQI resource center (https://ecqi.healthit.gov/qdm) for more information on the QDM.

Transmission Format

TBD

Initial Population

Initial Population 1: Children 6-12 years of age as of the Intake Period who had an IPSD and who had a visit within 6 months prior to the IPSD including the IPSD. Children are removed if they had an acute inpatient stay with a principal diagnosis of mental, behavioral or neurodevelopmental disorder during the Initiation Phase.  

Initial Population 2: Children 6-12 years of age as of the Intake Period who had an IPSD and remained on the medication for at least 210 treatment days during the 301-day period, beginning on the IPSD through 300 days after the IPSD, and who had a visit within 6 months prior to the IPSD including the IPSD. Children are removed if they had an acute inpatient stay with a principal diagnosis of mental, behavioral or neurodevelopmental disorder during the Continuation and Maintenance Phase.

Denominator

Equals Initial Population

Denominator Exclusions

Exclude patients diagnosed with narcolepsy at any point in their history or during the measurement period.

Exclude patients who are in hospice care for any part of the measurement period.

Numerator

Numerator 1: Patients who had at least one visit with a practitioner with prescribing authority during the Initiation Phase.
 
Numerator 2: Patients who had at least one visit with a practitioner with prescribing authority during the Initiation Phase, and at least two follow-up visits on different dates of service during the 31-300 days after the IPSD.

Numerator Exclusions

Not Applicable

Denominator Exceptions

None

Supplemental Data Elements

For every patient evaluated by this measure also identify payer, race, ethnicity and sex

Population Criteria
Definitions
Functions
Terminology
Data Criteria (QDM Data Elements)
Supplemental Data Elements
Risk Adjustment Variables

Population Criteria

Population Criteria 1

Initial Population

AgeInYearsAt(date from start of "Intake Period")>= 6
  and AgeInYearsAt(date from 
    end of "Intake Period"
  )<= 12
  and exists "Qualifying Encounter"
  and "First ADHD Medication Prescribed During Intake Period" is not null
  and not exists "Inpatient Stay with Qualifying Diagnosis During Initiation Phase"

- Denominator
  - "Initial Population 1"

Denominator Exclusions

Hospice."Has Hospice Services"
  or exists ( "Narcolepsy Exclusion" )

Numerator

exists ( "Encounter During Initiation Phase" )

- Numerator Exclusions
  - None
- Denominator Exceptions
  - None
- Stratification
  - None

Population Criteria 2

Initial Population

AgeInYearsAt(date from start of "Intake Period")>= 6
  and AgeInYearsAt(date from 
    end of "Intake Period"
  )<= 12
  and exists "Qualifying Encounter"
  and "First ADHD Medication Prescribed During Intake Period" is not null
  and "Has ADHD Cumulative Medication Duration Greater Than or Equal to 210 Days"
  and not exists "Inpatient Stay with Qualifying Diagnosis During Continuation and Maintenance Phase"

- Denominator
  - "Initial Population 2"

Denominator Exclusions

Hospice."Has Hospice Services"
  or exists ( "Narcolepsy Exclusion" )

Numerator

exists ( "Encounter During Initiation Phase" )
  and ( ( "Two or More Encounters 31 to 300 Days into Continuation and Maintenance Phase" )
      or ( exists ( "Encounter 31 to 300 Days into Continuation and Maintenance Phase" Encounter1
            with "Online Assessment 31 to 300 Days into Continuation and Maintenance Phase" Encounter2
              such that Encounter1 is not null
                and Encounter2 is not null
                and Encounter1 !~ Encounter2
        )
      )
  )

- Numerator Exclusions
  - None
- Denominator Exceptions
  - None
- Stratification
  - None

Definitions

ADHD Cumulative Medication Duration

CMD."CumulativeDuration" ( "ADHD Medications Taken on IPSD or During Continuation and Maintenance Phase" )

ADHD Medication Prescribed During Intake Period and Not Previously on ADHD Medication

( ( ["Medication, Order": "Atomoxetine"]
  union ["Medication, Order": "Clonidine"]
  union ["Medication, Order": "Dexmethylphenidate"]
  union ["Medication, Order": "Dextroamphetamine"]
  union ["Medication, Order": "Lisdexamfetamine"]
  union ["Medication, Order": "methamphetamine hydrochloride 5 MG Oral Tablet"]
  union ["Medication, Order": "Methylphenidate"]
  union ["Medication, Order": "Guanfacine"] ) ADHDMedications
  where Coalesce(ADHDMedications.relevantPeriod.low, ADHDMedications.authorDatetime)during "Intake Period" ) ADHDMedicationOrder
  without ( ["Medication, Active": "Atomoxetine"]
    union ["Medication, Active": "Clonidine"]
    union ["Medication, Active": "Dexmethylphenidate"]
    union ["Medication, Active": "Dextroamphetamine"]
    union ["Medication, Active": "Lisdexamfetamine"]
    union ["Medication, Active": "methamphetamine hydrochloride 5 MG Oral Tablet"]
    union ["Medication, Active": "Methylphenidate"]
    union ["Medication, Active": "Guanfacine"] ) ActiveADHDMedication
    such that Global."ToDateInterval" ( Global."NormalizeInterval" ( ActiveADHDMedication.relevantDatetime, ActiveADHDMedication.relevantPeriod ) ) overlaps Interval[date from Coalesce(ADHDMedicationOrder.relevantPeriod.low, ADHDMedicationOrder.authorDatetime)- 120 days, date from Coalesce(ADHDMedicationOrder.relevantPeriod.low, ADHDMedicationOrder.authorDatetime))
  sort by Coalesce(relevantPeriod.low, authorDatetime)asc

ADHD Medications Taken on IPSD or During Continuation and Maintenance Phase

( ( CMD."RolloutIntervals" ( ( ["Medication, Order": "Atomoxetine"] AtomoxetineMed
      return all {
        period: CMD."MedicationOrderPeriod" ( AtomoxetineMed ),
        periodStart: start of CMD."MedicationOrderPeriod" ( AtomoxetineMed )
      }
      sort by periodStart
  ).period )
)
  union ( CMD."RolloutIntervals" ( ( ["Medication, Order": "Clonidine"] ClonidineMed
        return all {
          period: CMD."MedicationOrderPeriod" ( ClonidineMed ),
          periodStart: start of CMD."MedicationOrderPeriod" ( ClonidineMed )
        }
        sort by periodStart
    ).period )
  )
  union ( CMD."RolloutIntervals" ( ( ["Medication, Order": "Dexmethylphenidate"] DexmethylphenidateMed
        return all {
          period: CMD."MedicationOrderPeriod" ( DexmethylphenidateMed ),
          periodStart: start of CMD."MedicationOrderPeriod" ( DexmethylphenidateMed )
        }
        sort by periodStart
    ).period )
  )
  union ( CMD."RolloutIntervals" ( ( ["Medication, Order": "Dextroamphetamine"] DextroamphetamineMed
        return all {
          period: CMD."MedicationOrderPeriod" ( DextroamphetamineMed ),
          periodStart: start of CMD."MedicationOrderPeriod" ( DextroamphetamineMed )
        }
        sort by periodStart
    ).period )
  )
  union ( CMD."RolloutIntervals" ( ( ["Medication, Order": "Lisdexamfetamine"] LisdexamfetamineMed
        return all {
          period: CMD."MedicationOrderPeriod" ( LisdexamfetamineMed ),
          periodStart: start of CMD."MedicationOrderPeriod" ( LisdexamfetamineMed )
        }
        sort by periodStart
    ).period )
  )
  union ( CMD."RolloutIntervals" ( ( ["Medication, Order": "Methylphenidate"] MethylphenidateMed
        return all {
          period: CMD."MedicationOrderPeriod" ( MethylphenidateMed ),
          periodStart: start of CMD."MedicationOrderPeriod" ( MethylphenidateMed )
        }
        sort by periodStart
    ).period )
  )
  union ( CMD."RolloutIntervals" ( ( ["Medication, Order": "Guanfacine"] GuanfacineMed
        return all {
          period: CMD."MedicationOrderPeriod" ( GuanfacineMed ),
          periodStart: start of CMD."MedicationOrderPeriod" ( GuanfacineMed )
        }
        sort by periodStart
    ).period )
  )
  union ( CMD."RolloutIntervals" ( ( ["Medication, Order": "methamphetamine hydrochloride 5 MG Oral Tablet"] MethamphetamineMed
        return all {
          period: CMD."MedicationOrderPeriod" ( MethamphetamineMed ),
          periodStart: start of CMD."MedicationOrderPeriod" ( MethamphetamineMed )
        }
        sort by periodStart
    ).period )
  ) ) ADHDMedication
  let IPSDAndContinuationMaintenancePhase: Interval["IPSD", "IPSD" + 300 days]
  return all ADHDMedication
    intersect IPSDAndContinuationMaintenancePhase

Denominator 1
- - "Initial Population 1"

Denominator 2
- - "Initial Population 2"

Denominator Exclusions

Hospice."Has Hospice Services"
  or exists ( "Narcolepsy Exclusion" )

Encounter 31 to 300 Days into Continuation and Maintenance Phase

"Qualifying Numerator Encounter" ValidNumeratorEncounter
  where Global."ToDateInterval" ( ValidNumeratorEncounter.relevantPeriod ) starts during day of Interval["IPSD" + 31 days, "IPSD" + 300 days]
  return date from start of ValidNumeratorEncounter.relevantPeriod

Encounter During Initiation Phase

"Qualifying Numerator Encounter" ValidNumeratorEncounter
  where Global."ToDateInterval" ( ValidNumeratorEncounter.relevantPeriod ) starts 30 days or less after day of "IPSD"

First ADHD Medication Prescribed During Intake Period

First("ADHD Medication Prescribed During Intake Period and Not Previously on ADHD Medication")

Has ADHD Cumulative Medication Duration Greater Than or Equal to 210 Days
- - "ADHD Cumulative Medication Duration" >= 210

Hospice.Has Hospice Services

exists ( ["Encounter, Performed": "Encounter Inpatient"] InpatientEncounter
    where ( InpatientEncounter.dischargeDisposition ~ "Discharge to home for hospice care (procedure)"
        or InpatientEncounter.dischargeDisposition ~ "Discharge to healthcare facility for hospice care (procedure)"
    )
      and InpatientEncounter.relevantPeriod ends during day of "Measurement Period"
)
  or exists ( ["Encounter, Performed": "Hospice Encounter"] HospiceEncounter
      where HospiceEncounter.relevantPeriod overlaps day of "Measurement Period"
  )
  or exists ( ["Assessment, Performed": "Hospice care [Minimum Data Set]"] HospiceAssessment
      where HospiceAssessment.result ~ "Yes (qualifier value)"
        and Global."NormalizeInterval" ( HospiceAssessment.relevantDatetime, HospiceAssessment.relevantPeriod ) overlaps day of "Measurement Period"
  )
  or exists ( ["Intervention, Order": "Hospice Care Ambulatory"] HospiceOrder
      where HospiceOrder.authorDatetime during day of "Measurement Period"
  )
  or exists ( ["Intervention, Performed": "Hospice Care Ambulatory"] HospicePerformed
      where Global."NormalizeInterval" ( HospicePerformed.relevantDatetime, HospicePerformed.relevantPeriod ) overlaps day of "Measurement Period"
  )
or exists ( ["Diagnosis": "Hospice Diagnosis"] HospiceCareDiagnosis
      where HospiceCareDiagnosis.prevalencePeriod overlaps day of "Measurement Period"
  )

Initial Population 1

AgeInYearsAt(date from start of "Intake Period")>= 6
  and AgeInYearsAt(date from 
    end of "Intake Period"
  )<= 12
  and exists "Qualifying Encounter"
  and "First ADHD Medication Prescribed During Intake Period" is not null
  and not exists "Inpatient Stay with Qualifying Diagnosis During Initiation Phase"

Initial Population 2

AgeInYearsAt(date from start of "Intake Period")>= 6
  and AgeInYearsAt(date from 
    end of "Intake Period"
  )<= 12
  and exists "Qualifying Encounter"
  and "First ADHD Medication Prescribed During Intake Period" is not null
  and "Has ADHD Cumulative Medication Duration Greater Than or Equal to 210 Days"
  and not exists "Inpatient Stay with Qualifying Diagnosis During Continuation and Maintenance Phase"

Inpatient Stay with Qualifying Diagnosis

( ["Encounter, Performed": "Encounter Inpatient"] InpatientStay
    where exists ( InpatientStay.diagnoses EncounterDiagnoses
        where ( EncounterDiagnoses.rank = 1
            and EncounterDiagnoses.code in "Mental Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental Disorders"
        )
    )
)

Inpatient Stay with Qualifying Diagnosis During Continuation and Maintenance Phase

"Inpatient Stay with Qualifying Diagnosis" InpatientStay
  where Global."ToDateInterval" ( InpatientStay.relevantPeriod ) starts 300 days or less after day of "IPSD"

Inpatient Stay with Qualifying Diagnosis During Initiation Phase

"Inpatient Stay with Qualifying Diagnosis" InpatientStay
  where Global."ToDateInterval" ( InpatientStay.relevantPeriod ) starts 30 days or less after day of "IPSD"

Intake Period

Interval["March 1 of Year Prior to Measurement Period", "Last Calendar Day of February of Measurement Period"]

IPSD

date from Coalesce("First ADHD Medication Prescribed During Intake Period".relevantPeriod.low, "First ADHD Medication Prescribed During Intake Period".authorDatetime)

Last Calendar Day of February of Measurement Period

( DateTime(year from start of "Measurement Period", 3, 1, 23, 59, 59, 0, 0)) - 1 day

March 1 of Year Prior to Measurement Period

DateTime((year from start of "Measurement Period" - 1), 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)

Narcolepsy Exclusion

["Diagnosis": "Narcolepsy"] Narcolepsy
  where Narcolepsy.prevalencePeriod starts on or before 
  end "Measurement Period"

Numerator 1

exists ( "Encounter During Initiation Phase" )

Numerator 2

exists ( "Encounter During Initiation Phase" )
  and ( ( "Two or More Encounters 31 to 300 Days into Continuation and Maintenance Phase" )
      or ( exists ( "Encounter 31 to 300 Days into Continuation and Maintenance Phase" Encounter1
            with "Online Assessment 31 to 300 Days into Continuation and Maintenance Phase" Encounter2
              such that Encounter1 is not null
                and Encounter2 is not null
                and Encounter1 !~ Encounter2
        )
      )
  )

Online Assessment 31 to 300 Days into Continuation and Maintenance Phase

["Encounter, Performed": "Online Assessments"] OnlineAssessment
  where Global."ToDateInterval" ( OnlineAssessment.relevantPeriod ) starts during day of Interval["IPSD" + 31 days, "IPSD" + 300 days]
  return date from start of OnlineAssessment.relevantPeriod

Qualifying Encounter

( ["Encounter, Performed": "Office Visit"]
  union ["Encounter, Performed": "Home Healthcare Services"]
  union ["Encounter, Performed": "Preventive Care, Established Office Visit, 0 to 17"]
  union ["Encounter, Performed": "Preventive Care Services, Initial Office Visit, 0 to 17"] ) ValidEncounters
  where Global."ToDateInterval" ( ValidEncounters.relevantPeriod ) during day of Interval["IPSD" - 6 months, "IPSD"]

Qualifying Numerator Encounter

( ["Encounter, Performed": "Office Visit"]
    union ["Encounter, Performed": "Initial Hospital Observation Care"]
    union ["Encounter, Performed": "Preventive Care Services Group Counseling"]
    union ["Encounter, Performed": "Behavioral Health Follow up Visit"]
    union ["Encounter, Performed": "Preventive Care Services Individual Counseling"]
    union ( ["Encounter, Performed": "Psychotherapy and Pharmacologic Management"] PsychPharmManagement
        where exists ( PsychPharmManagement.facilityLocations Location
            where Location.code in "Ambulatory"
        )
    )
    union ["Encounter, Performed": "Outpatient Consultation"]
    union ["Encounter, Performed": "Home Healthcare Services"]
    union ["Encounter, Performed": "Preventive Care Services, Initial Office Visit, 0 to 17"]
    union ["Encounter, Performed": "Preventive Care, Established Office Visit, 0 to 17"]
    union ["Encounter, Performed": "Psych Visit Diagnostic Evaluation"]
    union ["Encounter, Performed": "Psych Visit Psychotherapy"]
    union ["Encounter, Performed": "Telephone Visits"]
)

SDE Ethnicity

["Patient Characteristic Ethnicity": "Ethnicity"]

SDE Payer

["Patient Characteristic Payer": "Payer"]

SDE Race
- - ["Patient Characteristic Race": "Race"]

SDE Sex

["Patient Characteristic Sex": "ONC Administrative Sex"]

Two or More Encounters 31 to 300 Days into Continuation and Maintenance Phase

Count("Encounter 31 to 300 Days into Continuation and Maintenance Phase")>= 2

Functions

CMD.CodeToDaily(Frequency Code)

case
  when Frequency ~ "Once daily (qualifier value)" then 1.0
  when Frequency ~ "Twice a day (qualifier value)" then 2.0
  when Frequency ~ "Three times daily (qualifier value)" then 3.0
  when Frequency ~ "Four times daily (qualifier value)" then 4.0
  when Frequency ~ "Every twenty four hours (qualifier value)" then 1.0
  when Frequency ~ "Every twelve hours (qualifier value)" then 2.0
  when Frequency ~ "Every thirty six hours (qualifier value)" then 0.67
  when Frequency ~ "Every eight hours (qualifier value)" then 3.0
  when Frequency ~ "Every four hours (qualifier value)" then 6.0
  when Frequency ~ "Every six hours (qualifier value)" then 4.0
  when Frequency ~ "Every seventy two hours (qualifier value)" then 0.33
  when Frequency ~ "Every forty eight hours (qualifier value)" then 0.5
  when Frequency ~ "Every eight to twelve hours (qualifier value)" then 3.0
  when Frequency ~ "Every six to eight hours (qualifier value)" then 4.0
  when Frequency ~ "Every three to four hours (qualifier value)" then 8.0
  when Frequency ~ "Every three to six hours (qualifier value)" then 8.0
  when Frequency ~ "Every two to four hours (qualifier value)" then 12.0
  when Frequency ~ "One to four times a day (qualifier value)" then 4.0
  when Frequency ~ "One to three times a day (qualifier value)" then 3.0
  when Frequency ~ "One to two times a day (qualifier value)" then 2.0
  when Frequency ~ "Two to four times a day (qualifier value)" then 4.0
  else null
end

CMD.CumulativeDuration(Intervals List<Interval<Date>>)

if Intervals is not null then ( Sum((collapse Intervals per day)X
      return all(difference in days between start of X and 
        end of X
      )+ 1
  )
) 
  else null

CMD.MedicationOrderPeriod(MedOrder "Medication, Order")

MedOrder Order
  let startDate: date from Coalesce(Order.relevantPeriod.low, Order.authorDatetime),
  totalDaysSupplied: Coalesce(Order.supply.value /(Order.dosage.value * ToDaily(Order.frequency)), Order.daysSupplied) * ( 1 + Coalesce(Order.refills, 0) )
  return if startDate is null then null 
    else if totalDaysSupplied is not null then Interval[startDate, startDate + Quantity { value: totalDaysSupplied - 1, unit: 'day' }]
    else if Order.relevantPeriod.high is not null then Interval[startDate, date from end of Order.relevantPeriod]
    else null

CMD.QuantityToDaily(Frequency Quantity)

case Frequency.unit
    when 'h' then (24.0 / Frequency.value)
    when 'min' then (24.0 / Frequency.value) * 60
    when 's' then (24.0 / Frequency.value) * 60 * 60
    when 'd' then (24.0 / Frequency.value) / 24
    when 'wk' then (24.0 / Frequency.value) / (24 * 7)
    when 'mo' then (24.0 / Frequency.value) / (24 * 30) /* assuming 30 days in month */
    when 'a' then (24.0 / Frequency.value) / (24 * 365) /* assuming 365 days in year */
    when 'hour' then (24.0 / Frequency.value)
    when 'minute' then (24.0 / Frequency.value) * 60
    when 'second' then (24.0 / Frequency.value) * 60 * 60
    when 'day' then (24.0 / Frequency.value) / 24
    when 'week' then (24.0 / Frequency.value) / (24 * 7)
    when 'month' then (24.0 / Frequency.value) / (24 * 30) /* assuming 30 days in month */
    when 'year' then (24.0 / Frequency.value) / (24 * 365) /* assuming 365 days in year */
    when 'hours' then (24.0 / Frequency.value)
    when 'minutes' then (24.0 / Frequency.value) * 60
    when 'seconds' then (24.0 / Frequency.value) * 60 * 60
    when 'days' then (24.0 / Frequency.value) / 24
    when 'weeks' then (24.0 / Frequency.value) / (24 * 7)
    when 'months' then (24.0 / Frequency.value) / (24 * 30) /* assuming 30 days in month */
    when 'years' then (24.0 / Frequency.value) / (24 * 365) /* assuming 365 days in year */
    else null
  end

CMD.RolloutIntervals(intervals List<Interval<Date>>)

intervals I aggregate all R starting ( null as List<Interval<Date>>): R
  union ( { I X
      let S: Max({ 
        end of Last(R)+ 1 day, start of X }
      ),
      E: S + Quantity { value: Coalesce(duration in days of X, 0), unit: 'day' }
      return Interval[S, E]}
  )

CMD.ToDaily(Frequency Choice<Quantity, Code>)

case
  when Frequency is Quantity then QuantityToDaily(Frequency as Quantity)
  else CodeToDaily(Frequency as Code)
end

Global.NormalizeInterval(pointInTime DateTime, period Interval<DateTime>)

if pointInTime is not null then Interval[pointInTime, pointInTime]
  else if period is not null then period 
  else null as Interval<DateTime>

Global.ToDateInterval(period Interval<DateTime>)

Interval[date from start of period, date from end of period]

Terminology

code "Discharge to healthcare facility for hospice care (procedure)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (428371000124100)")
code "Discharge to home for hospice care (procedure)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (428361000124107)")
code "Every eight hours (qualifier value)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (307469008)")
code "Every eight to twelve hours (qualifier value)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (396140003)")
code "Every forty eight hours (qualifier value)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (396131002)")
code "Every four hours (qualifier value)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (225756002)")
code "Every seventy two hours (qualifier value)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (396143001)")
code "Every six hours (qualifier value)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (307468000)")
code "Every six to eight hours (qualifier value)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (396139000)")
code "Every thirty six hours (qualifier value)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (396126004)")
code "Every three to four hours (qualifier value)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (225754004)")
code "Every three to six hours (qualifier value)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (396127008)")
code "Every twelve hours (qualifier value)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (307470009)")
code "Every twenty four hours (qualifier value)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (396125000)")
code "Every two to four hours (qualifier value)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (225752000)")
code "Four times daily (qualifier value)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (307439001)")
code "Hospice care [Minimum Data Set]" ("LOINC Code (45755-6)")
code "methamphetamine hydrochloride 5 MG Oral Tablet" ("RXNORM Code (977860)")
code "Once daily (qualifier value)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (229797004)")
code "One to four times a day (qualifier value)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (396109005)")
code "One to three times a day (qualifier value)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (396108002)")
code "One to two times a day (qualifier value)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (396107007)")
code "Three times daily (qualifier value)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (229798009)")
code "Twice a day (qualifier value)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (229799001)")
code "Two to four times a day (qualifier value)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (396111001)")
code "Yes (qualifier value)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (373066001)")
valueset "Ambulatory" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.122.12.1003)
valueset "Atomoxetine" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1170)
valueset "Behavioral Health Follow up Visit" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1054)
valueset "Clonidine" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1171)
valueset "Dexmethylphenidate" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1172)
valueset "Dextroamphetamine" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1173)
valueset "Encounter Inpatient" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.666.5.307)
valueset "Ethnicity" (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.837)
valueset "Guanfacine" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.196.11.1252)
valueset "Home Healthcare Services" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1016)
valueset "Hospice Care Ambulatory" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1584)
valueset "Hospice Diagnosis" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1165)
valueset "Hospice Encounter" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1003)
valueset "Initial Hospital Observation Care" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1002)
valueset "Lisdexamfetamine" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1174)
valueset "Mental Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental Disorders" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.105.12.1203)
valueset "Methylphenidate" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1176)
valueset "Narcolepsy" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.114.12.1011)
valueset "Office Visit" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1001)
valueset "ONC Administrative Sex" (2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1)
valueset "Online Assessments" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1089)
valueset "Outpatient Consultation" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1008)
valueset "Payer" (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.3591)
valueset "Preventive Care Services Group Counseling" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1027)
valueset "Preventive Care Services Individual Counseling" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1026)
valueset "Preventive Care Services, Initial Office Visit, 0 to 17" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1022)
valueset "Preventive Care, Established Office Visit, 0 to 17" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1024)
valueset "Psych Visit Diagnostic Evaluation" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1492)
valueset "Psych Visit Psychotherapy" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1496)
valueset "Psychotherapy and Pharmacologic Management" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1055)
valueset "Race" (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.836)
valueset "Telephone Visits" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1080)

Data Criteria (QDM Data Elements)

"Assessment, Performed: Hospice care [Minimum Data Set]" using "Hospice care [Minimum Data Set] (LOINC Code 45755-6)"
"Diagnosis: Hospice Diagnosis" using "Hospice Diagnosis (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1165)"
"Diagnosis: Narcolepsy" using "Narcolepsy (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.114.12.1011)"
"Encounter, Performed: Behavioral Health Follow up Visit" using "Behavioral Health Follow up Visit (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1054)"
"Encounter, Performed: Encounter Inpatient" using "Encounter Inpatient (2.16.840.1.113883.3.666.5.307)"
"Encounter, Performed: Home Healthcare Services" using "Home Healthcare Services (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1016)"
"Encounter, Performed: Hospice Encounter" using "Hospice Encounter (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1003)"
"Encounter, Performed: Initial Hospital Observation Care" using "Initial Hospital Observation Care (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1002)"
"Encounter, Performed: Office Visit" using "Office Visit (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1001)"
"Encounter, Performed: Online Assessments" using "Online Assessments (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1089)"
"Encounter, Performed: Outpatient Consultation" using "Outpatient Consultation (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1008)"
"Encounter, Performed: Preventive Care Services Group Counseling" using "Preventive Care Services Group Counseling (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1027)"
"Encounter, Performed: Preventive Care Services Individual Counseling" using "Preventive Care Services Individual Counseling (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1026)"
"Encounter, Performed: Preventive Care Services, Initial Office Visit, 0 to 17" using "Preventive Care Services, Initial Office Visit, 0 to 17 (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1022)"
"Encounter, Performed: Preventive Care, Established Office Visit, 0 to 17" using "Preventive Care, Established Office Visit, 0 to 17 (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1024)"
"Encounter, Performed: Psych Visit Diagnostic Evaluation" using "Psych Visit Diagnostic Evaluation (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1492)"
"Encounter, Performed: Psych Visit Psychotherapy" using "Psych Visit Psychotherapy (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1496)"
"Encounter, Performed: Psychotherapy and Pharmacologic Management" using "Psychotherapy and Pharmacologic Management (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1055)"
"Encounter, Performed: Telephone Visits" using "Telephone Visits (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1080)"
"Intervention, Order: Hospice Care Ambulatory" using "Hospice Care Ambulatory (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1584)"
"Intervention, Performed: Hospice Care Ambulatory" using "Hospice Care Ambulatory (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1584)"
"Medication, Active: Atomoxetine" using "Atomoxetine (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1170)"
"Medication, Active: Clonidine" using "Clonidine (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1171)"
"Medication, Active: Dexmethylphenidate" using "Dexmethylphenidate (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1172)"
"Medication, Active: Dextroamphetamine" using "Dextroamphetamine (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1173)"
"Medication, Active: Guanfacine" using "Guanfacine (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.196.11.1252)"
"Medication, Active: Lisdexamfetamine" using "Lisdexamfetamine (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1174)"
"Medication, Active: methamphetamine hydrochloride 5 MG Oral Tablet" using "methamphetamine hydrochloride 5 MG Oral Tablet (RXNORM Code 977860)"
"Medication, Active: Methylphenidate" using "Methylphenidate (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1176)"
"Medication, Order: Atomoxetine" using "Atomoxetine (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1170)"
"Medication, Order: Clonidine" using "Clonidine (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1171)"
"Medication, Order: Dexmethylphenidate" using "Dexmethylphenidate (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1172)"
"Medication, Order: Dextroamphetamine" using "Dextroamphetamine (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1173)"
"Medication, Order: Guanfacine" using "Guanfacine (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.196.11.1252)"
"Medication, Order: Lisdexamfetamine" using "Lisdexamfetamine (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1174)"
"Medication, Order: methamphetamine hydrochloride 5 MG Oral Tablet" using "methamphetamine hydrochloride 5 MG Oral Tablet (RXNORM Code 977860)"
"Medication, Order: Methylphenidate" using "Methylphenidate (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1176)"
"Patient Characteristic Ethnicity: Ethnicity" using "Ethnicity (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.837)"
"Patient Characteristic Payer: Payer" using "Payer (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.3591)"
"Patient Characteristic Race: Race" using "Race (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.836)"
"Patient Characteristic Sex: ONC Administrative Sex" using "ONC Administrative Sex (2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1)"

Supplemental Data Elements

SDE Ethnicity

["Patient Characteristic Ethnicity": "Ethnicity"]

SDE Payer

["Patient Characteristic Payer": "Payer"]

SDE Race
- - ["Patient Characteristic Race": "Race"]

SDE Sex

["Patient Characteristic Sex": "ONC Administrative Sex"]

Risk Adjustment Variables

None

Measure Set

None