Appropriate Testing for Pharyngitis

Measure Information	2024 Performance Period	2025 Performance Period	2026 Performance Period	2027 Performance Period
Title	Appropriate Testing for Pharyngitis	Appropriate Testing for Pharyngitis	Appropriate Testing for Pharyngitis	Appropriate Testing for Pharyngitis
CMS eCQM ID	CMS146v12	CMS146v13	CMS146v14	CMS146v15
CBE ID*	Not Applicable	Not Applicable	Not Applicable	Not Applicable
MIPS Quality ID	066	066	066	066
Measure Steward	National Committee for Quality Assurance	National Committee for Quality Assurance	National Committee for Quality Assurance	National Committee for Quality Assurance
Description	The percentage of episodes for patients 3 years and older with a diagnosis of pharyngitis that resulted in an antibiotic order on or three days after the episode date and a group A streptococcus (strep) test in the seven-day period from three days prior to the episode date through three days after the episode date	The percentage of episodes for patients 3 years and older with a diagnosis of pharyngitis that resulted in an antibiotic order on or three days after the episode date and a group A streptococcus (strep) test in the seven-day period from three days prior to the episode date through three days after the episode date	The percentage of episodes for patients 3 years and older with a diagnosis of pharyngitis that resulted in an antibiotic order on or three days after the episode date and a group A streptococcus (strep) test in the seven-day period from three days prior to the episode date through three days after the episode date	The percentage of episodes for patients 3 years and older with a diagnosis of pharyngitis that resulted in an antibiotic order on or three days after the episode date and a group A streptococcus (strep) test in the seven-day period from three days prior to the episode date through three days after the episode date
Measure Scoring	Proportion	Proportion	Proportion	Proportion
Measure Type	Process	Process	Process	Process
Stratification	- 3-17 years - 18-64 years - 65 years and older	- 3-17 years - 18-64 years - 65 years and older	- 3-17 years - 18-64 years - 65 years and older	3-17 years 18-64 years 65 years and older
Risk Adjustment	None	None	None	None
Rationale	Group A streptococcal (GAS) bacterial infections and other infections that cause pharyngitis (which are most often viral) often produce the same signs and symptoms (Shulman et al., 2012). The American Academy of Pediatrics, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America all recommend a diagnostic test for Strep A to improve diagnostic accuracy and avoid unnecessary antibiotic treatment (Linder et al., 2005). Estimated economic costs of pediatric streptococcal pharyngitis in the United States range from $224 million to $539 million per year, including indirect costs related to parental work losses. At a higher level, the economic cost of antibiotic resistance varies but has extended as high as $20 billion in excess direct healthcare costs, with additional costs to society for lost productivity as high as $35 billion a year (2008 dollars) (Pfoh et al., 2008).	Group A streptococcal (GAS) bacterial infections and other infections that cause pharyngitis (which are most often viral) often produce the same signs and symptoms (Shulman et al., 2012). The American Academy of Pediatrics, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America all recommend a diagnostic test for Strep A to improve diagnostic accuracy and avoid unnecessary antibiotic treatment (Linder et al., 2005). Estimated economic costs of pediatric streptococcal pharyngitis in the United States range from $224 million to $539 million per year, including indirect costs related to parental work losses. At a higher level, the economic cost of antibiotic resistance varies but has extended as high as $20 billion in excess direct healthcare costs, with additional costs to society for lost productivity as high as $35 billion a year (2008 dollars) (Pfoh et al., 2008).	Group A streptococcal (GAS) bacterial infections and other infections that cause pharyngitis (which are most often viral) often produce the same signs and symptoms (Shulman et al., 2012). The American Academy of Pediatrics, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America all recommend a diagnostic test for Strep A to improve diagnostic accuracy and avoid unnecessary antibiotic treatment (Linder et al., 2005). Estimated economic costs of pediatric streptococcal pharyngitis in the United States range from $224 million to $539 million per year, including indirect costs related to parental work losses. At a higher level, the economic cost of antibiotic resistance varies but has extended as high as $20 billion in excess direct healthcare costs, with additional costs to society for lost productivity as high as $35 billion a year (2008 dollars) (Pfoh et al., 2008).	Group A streptococcal (GAS) bacterial infections and other infections that cause pharyngitis (which are most often viral) often produce the same signs and symptoms (Shulman et al., 2012). The American Academy of Pediatrics, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America all recommend a diagnostic test for Strep A to improve diagnostic accuracy and avoid unnecessary antibiotic treatment (Linder et al., 2005). Estimated economic costs of pediatric streptococcal pharyngitis in the United States range from $224 million to $539 million per year, including indirect costs related to parental work losses. At a higher level, the economic cost of antibiotic resistance varies but has extended as high as $20 billion in excess direct healthcare costs, with additional costs to society for lost productivity as high as $35 billion a year (2008 dollars) (Pfoh et al., 2008).
Clinical Recommendation Statement	Infectious Disease Society of America (2012) The Infectious Diseases Society of America "recommends swabbing the throat and testing for GAS pharyngitis by rapid antigen detection test (RADT) and/or culture because the clinical features alone do not reliably discriminate between GAS and viral pharyngitis except when overt viral features like rhinorrhea, cough, oral ulcers, and/or hoarseness are present"	Infectious Disease Society of America (Shulman et al., 2012) The Infectious Diseases Society of America "recommends swabbing the throat and testing for GAS pharyngitis by rapid antigen detection test (RADT) and/or culture because the clinical features alone do not reliably discriminate between GAS and viral pharyngitis except when overt viral features like rhinorrhea, cough, oral ulcers, and/or hoarseness are present"	Infectious Disease Society of America (Shulman et al., 2012) The Infectious Diseases Society of America "recommends swabbing the throat and testing for GAS pharyngitis by rapid antigen detection test (RADT) and/or culture because the clinical features alone do not reliably discriminate between GAS and viral pharyngitis except when overt viral features like rhinorrhea, cough, oral ulcers, and/or hoarseness are present"	Infectious Disease Society of America (Shulman et al., 2012) The Infectious Diseases Society of America "recommends swabbing the throat and testing for GAS pharyngitis by rapid antigen detection test (RADT) and/or culture because the clinical features alone do not reliably discriminate between GAS and viral pharyngitis except when overt viral features like rhinorrhea, cough, oral ulcers, and/or hoarseness are present"
Improvement Notation	Higher score indicates better quality	Higher score indicates better quality	Higher score indicates better quality	Higher score indicates better quality
Definition	None	None	None	None
Guidance	This is an episode of care measure that examines all eligible episodes for the patient. The intent is to determine whether antibiotics are being ordered appropriately. Antibiotics should only be ordered if a strep test has been performed to confirm a bacterial infection. Antibiotics should not be ordered for viral infections. Antibiotics should be ordered on or three days after the episode date. This eCQM is an episode-based measure. An episode is defined as each eligible encounter for patients aged 3 years and older with a diagnosis of pharyngitis that resulted in an antibiotic order from January 1 to December 28 of the measurement period. This version of the eCQM uses QDM version 5.6. Please refer to the QDM page for more information on the QDM.	This is an episode of care measure that examines all eligible episodes for the patient. The intent is to determine whether antibiotics are being ordered appropriately. Antibiotics should only be ordered if a strep test has been performed to confirm a bacterial infection. Antibiotics should not be ordered for viral infections. Antibiotics should be ordered on or three days after the episode date. This eCQM is an episode-based measure. An episode is defined as each eligible encounter for patients aged 3 years and older with a diagnosis of pharyngitis that resulted in an antibiotic order from January 1 to December 28 of the measurement period. This version of the eCQM uses QDM version 5.6. Please refer to the QDM page for more information on the QDM.	This is an episode of care measure that examines all eligible episodes for the patient. The intent is to determine whether antibiotics are being ordered appropriately. Antibiotics should only be ordered if a strep test has been performed to confirm a bacterial infection. Antibiotics should not be ordered for viral infections. Antibiotics should be ordered on or three days after the episode date. This eCQM is an episode-based measure. An episode is defined as each eligible encounter for patients aged 3 years and older with a diagnosis of pharyngitis that resulted in an antibiotic order from January 1 to December 28 of the measurement period. This version of the eCQM uses QDM version 5.6. Please refer to the QDM page for more information on the QDM.	This is an episode of care measure that examines all eligible episodes for the patient. The intent is to determine whether antibiotics are being ordered appropriately. Antibiotics should only be ordered if a strep test has been performed to confirm a bacterial infection. Antibiotics should not be ordered for viral infections. Antibiotics should be ordered on or three days after the episode date. This eCQM is an episode-based measure. An episode is defined as each eligible encounter for patients aged 3 years and older with a diagnosis of pharyngitis that resulted in an antibiotic order from January 1 to December 28 of the measurement period. This version of the eCQM uses QDM version 5.6. Please refer to the QDM page for more information on the QDM.
Initial Population	Outpatient, telephone, online assessment (i.e., e-visit or virtual check-in), observation, or emergency department (ED) visits with a diagnosis of pharyngitis or tonsillitis from January 1 to December 28 of the measurement period and an antibiotic order on or three days after the episode date among patients 3 years or older	Outpatient, telephone, virtual encounter (i.e., e-visit or virtual check-in), or emergency department (ED) visits with a diagnosis of pharyngitis or tonsillitis from January 1 to December 28 of the measurement period and an antibiotic order on or three days after the episode date among patients 3 years or older	Outpatient, telephone, virtual encounter (i.e., e-visit or virtual check-in), or emergency department (ED) visits with a diagnosis of pharyngitis or tonsillitis from January 1 to December 28 of the measurement period and an antibiotic order on or three days after the episode date among patients 3 years or older	Outpatient, telephone, virtual encounter (i.e., e-visit or virtual check-in), or emergency department (ED) visits with a diagnosis of pharyngitis or tonsillitis from January 1 to December 28 of the measurement period and an antibiotic order on or three days after the episode date among patients 3 years or older
Denominator	Equals Initial Population	Equals Initial Population	Equals Initial Population	Equals Initial Population
Denominator Exclusions	Exclude pharyngitis episodes when the patient had hospice care for any part of the measurement period. Exclude pharyngitis episodes when the patient had a comorbid condition during the 12 months prior to or on the episode date. Exclude pharyngitis episodes where the patient is taking antibiotics in the 30 days prior to the episode date. Exclude pharyngitis episodes where the patient had a competing diagnosis on or three days after the episode date.	Exclude pharyngitis episodes when the patient had hospice care for any part of the measurement period. Exclude pharyngitis episodes when the patient had a comorbid condition during the 12 months prior to or on the episode date. Exclude pharyngitis episodes where the patient is taking antibiotics in the 30 days prior to the episode date. Exclude pharyngitis episodes where the patient had a competing diagnosis on or three days after the episode date.	Exclude pharyngitis episodes when the patient had hospice care for any part of the measurement period. Exclude pharyngitis episodes when the patient had a comorbid condition during the 12 months prior to or on the episode date. Exclude pharyngitis episodes where the patient is taking antibiotics in the 30 days prior to the episode date. Exclude pharyngitis episodes where the patient had a competing diagnosis on or three days after the episode date.	Exclude pharyngitis episodes when the patient had hospice care for any part of the measurement period. Exclude pharyngitis episodes when the patient had a comorbid condition during the 12 months prior to or on the episode date. Exclude pharyngitis episodes where the patient is taking antibiotics in the 30 days prior to the episode date. Exclude pharyngitis episodes where the patient had a competing diagnosis on or three days after the episode date.
Numerator	A group A streptococcus test in the seven-day period from three days prior to the episode date through three days after the episode date	A group A streptococcus test in the seven-day period from three days prior to the episode date through three days after the episode date	A group A streptococcus test in the seven-day period from three days prior to the episode date through three days after the episode date	A group A streptococcus test in the seven-day period from three days prior to the episode date through three days after the episode date
Numerator Exclusions	Not Applicable	Not Applicable	None	None
Denominator Exceptions	None	None	None	None
Telehealth Eligible	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Next Version	CMS146v13	CMS146v14	CMS146v15	No Version Available
Previous Version	No Version Available	CMS146v12	CMS146v13	CMS146v14

Measure Information

2024 Performance Period

2025 Performance Period

2026 Performance Period

2027 Performance Period

Title

Appropriate Testing for Pharyngitis

CMS eCQM ID

CMS146v12

CMS146v13

CMS146v14

CMS146v15

CBE ID*

Not Applicable

MIPS Quality ID

066

Measure Steward

National Committee for Quality Assurance

Description

The percentage of episodes for patients 3 years and older with a diagnosis of pharyngitis that resulted in an antibiotic order on or three days after the episode date and a group A streptococcus (strep) test in the seven-day period from three days prior to the episode date through three days after the episode date

Measure Scoring

Proportion

Measure Type

Process

Stratification

- 3-17 years

- 18-64 years

- 65 years and older

- 3-17 years

- 18-64 years

- 65 years and older

- 3-17 years

- 18-64 years

- 65 years and older

3-17 years

18-64 years

65 years and older

Risk Adjustment

None

Rationale

Group A streptococcal (GAS) bacterial infections and other infections that cause pharyngitis (which are most often viral) often produce the same signs and symptoms (Shulman et al., 2012). The American Academy of Pediatrics, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America all recommend a diagnostic test for Strep A to improve diagnostic accuracy and avoid unnecessary antibiotic treatment (Linder et al., 2005).

Estimated economic costs of pediatric streptococcal pharyngitis in the United States range from $224 million to $539 million per year, including indirect costs related to parental work losses. At a higher level, the economic cost of antibiotic resistance varies but has extended as high as $20 billion in excess direct healthcare costs, with additional costs to society for lost productivity as high as $35 billion a year (2008 dollars) (Pfoh et al., 2008).

Clinical Recommendation Statement

Infectious Disease Society of America (2012)

The Infectious Diseases Society of America "recommends swabbing the throat and testing for GAS pharyngitis by rapid antigen detection test (RADT) and/or culture because the clinical features alone do not reliably discriminate between GAS and viral pharyngitis except when overt viral features like rhinorrhea, cough, oral ulcers, and/or hoarseness are present"

Infectious Disease Society of America (Shulman et al., 2012)

Improvement Notation

Higher score indicates better quality

Definition

None

Guidance

This is an episode of care measure that examines all eligible episodes for the patient. The intent is to determine whether antibiotics are being ordered appropriately. Antibiotics should only be ordered if a strep test has been performed to confirm a bacterial infection. Antibiotics should not be ordered for viral infections. Antibiotics should be ordered on or three days after the episode date.

This eCQM is an episode-based measure. An episode is defined as each eligible encounter for patients aged 3 years and older with a diagnosis of pharyngitis that resulted in an antibiotic order from January 1 to December 28 of the measurement period.

This version of the eCQM uses QDM version 5.6. Please refer to the QDM page for more information on the QDM.

Initial Population

Outpatient, telephone, online assessment (i.e., e-visit or virtual check-in), observation, or emergency department (ED) visits with a diagnosis of pharyngitis or tonsillitis from January 1 to December 28 of the measurement period and an antibiotic order on or three days after the episode date among patients 3 years or older

Outpatient, telephone, virtual encounter (i.e., e-visit or virtual check-in), or emergency department (ED) visits with a diagnosis of pharyngitis or tonsillitis from January 1 to December 28 of the measurement period and an antibiotic order on or three days after the episode date among patients 3 years or older

Denominator

Equals Initial Population

Denominator Exclusions

Exclude pharyngitis episodes when the patient had hospice care for any part of the measurement period.

Exclude pharyngitis episodes when the patient had a comorbid condition during the 12 months prior to or on the episode date.

Exclude pharyngitis episodes where the patient is taking antibiotics in the 30 days prior to the episode date.

Exclude pharyngitis episodes where the patient had a competing diagnosis on or three days after the episode date.