eCQM Title | # Diabetic Retinopathy: Communication with the Physician Managing Ongoing Diabetes Care
eCQM Identifier (Measure Authoring Tool) | 142 | eCQM Version Number | 12.0.000
NQF Number | Not Applicable | GUID | 53d6d7c3-43fb-4d24-8099-17e74c022c05
Measurement Period | January 1, 20XX through December 31, 20XX
Measure Steward | American Academy of Ophthalmology
Measure Developer | American Academy of Ophthalmology
Measure Developer | American Medical Association (AMA)
Measure Developer | PCPI(R) Foundation (PCPI[R])
Endorsed By | None
Description |
    Percentage of patients aged 18 years and older with a diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy who had a dilated macular or fundus exam performed with documented communication to the physician who manages the ongoing care of the patient with diabetes mellitus regarding the findings of the macular or fundus exam at least once during the measurement period
Copyright |
    Copyright 2023 American Academy of Ophthalmology. All Rights Reserved.
Disclaimer |
    The Measure is not a clinical guideline, does not establish a standard of medical care, and has not been tested for all potential applications.

    The Measure, while copyrighted, can be reproduced and distributed, without modification, for noncommercial purposes, e.g., use by health care providers in connection with their practices. Commercial use is defined as the sale, license, or distribution of the Measure for commercial gain, or incorporation of the Measure into a product or service that is sold, licensed or distributed for commercial gain.

    Commercial uses of the Measure require a license agreement between the user and the American Academy of Ophthalmology (Academy). Neither the Academy, its members, the American Medical Association (AMA), nor the former AMA-convened Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement(R) (AMA-PCPI), nor PCPI, nor their members shall be responsible for any use of the Measure.

    The PCPI’s and AMA’s significant past efforts and contributions to the development and updating of the Measures are acknowledged. The National Committee for Quality Assurance's significant past efforts and contributions to the development and updating of the Measure is acknowledged.

    THE MEASURE AND SPECIFICATIONS ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND.

    Limited proprietary coding is contained in the Measure specifications for convenience. A license agreement must be entered prior to a third party’s use of Current Procedural Terminology (CPT[R]) or other proprietary code set contained in the Measures. Any other use of CPT or other coding by the third party is strictly prohibited. The Academy, the AMA, and former members of the PCPI disclaim all liability for use or accuracy of any CPT or other coding contained in the specifications.

    CPT(R) contained in the Measure specifications is copyright 2004-2022 American Medical Association. LOINC(R) is copyright 2004-2022 Regenstrief Institute, Inc. This material contains SNOMED Clinical Terms(R) (SNOMED CT[R]) copyright 2004-2022 International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation. ICD-10 is copyright 2022 World Health Organization. All Rights Reserved.

    Due to technical limitations, registered trademarks are indicated by (R) or [R].
Measure Scoring | Proportion
Measure Type | Process
Stratification |
    None
Risk Adjustment |
    None
Rate Aggregation |
    None
Rationale |
    Diabetic retinopathy is a prevalent complication of diabetes, estimated to affect 28.5% of diabetic patients in the US (Zhang et al., 2010). Diabetic retinopathy is a key indicator of systemic complications of diabetes (Zhang et al., 2010). Coordination of care between the eye care specialist and the physician managing a patient’s ongoing diabetes care is essential in stemming the progression of vision loss. Communication from the eye care specialist to a primary care physician facilitates the exchange of information about the severity and progression of a patient’s diabetic retinopathy, adherence to recommended ocular care, need for follow-up visits, and treatment plans (Storey et al., 2016). Data from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial showed that diabetic treatment and maintenance of glucose control delays the onset and slows the progression of diabetic retinopathy (Aiello & DCCT/EDIC Research Group, 2014).
Clinical Recommendation Statement |
    The ophthalmologist should refer patients with diabetes to a primary care physician for appropriate management of their systemic condition and should communicate examination results to the physician managing the patient's ongoing diabetes care (III; Good Quality; Strong Recommendation) (Flaxel et al., 2020).

    Ophthalmologists should communicate the ophthalmologic findings and level of retinopathy with the primary care physician as well as the need for optimizing metabolic control (III; Good Quality; Strong Recommendation) (Flaxel et al,, 2020).

    Close partnership with the primary care physician is important to make sure that the care of the patient is optimized (III; Good Quality; Strong Recommendation) (Flaxel et al., 2020).
Improvement Notation |
    Higher score indicates better quality
Reference |
    Reference Type: CITATION
    Reference Text: 'Aiello, L. P., & DCCT/EDIC Research Group (2014). Diabetic retinopathy and other ocular findings in the diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study. Diabetes care, 37(1), 17–23. doi:10.2337/dc13-2251'
Reference |
    Reference Type: CITATION
    Reference Text: 'Flaxel, C. J., Adelman, R. A., Bailey, S. T., Fawzi, A., Lim, J. I., Vemulakonda, G. A., & Ying, G. S. (2020). Diabetic Retinopathy Preferred Practice Pattern(R). Ophthalmology, 127(1), P66–P145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.09.025'
Reference |
    Reference Type: CITATION
    Reference Text: 'Storey, P. P., Murchison, A. P., Pizzi, L. T., Hark, L. A., Dai, Y., Leiby, B. E., & Haller, J. A. Impact of physician communication on diabetic eye examination adherence: Results from a Retrospective Cohort Analysis. Retina. 2016 Jan;36(1),20-7. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000000652'
Reference |
    Reference Type: CITATION
    Reference Text: 'Zhang, X., Saaddine, J. B., Chou, C. F., Cotch, M. F., Cheng, Y. J., Geiss, L. S., … Klein, R. (2010). Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the United States, 2005-2008. JAMA, 304(6), 649–656. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1111'
Definition |
    Communication - May include documentation in the medical record indicating that the findings of the dilated macular or fundus exam were communicated (e.g., verbally, by letter) with the clinician managing the patient's diabetic care OR a copy of a letter in the medical record to the clinician managing the patient's diabetic care outlining the findings of the dilated macular or fundus exam.

    Findings - Includes level of severity of retinopathy (e.g., mild nonproliferative, moderate nonproliferative, severe nonproliferative, very severe nonproliferative, proliferative) AND the presence or absence of macular edema.
Guidance |
    The measure, as written, does not specifically require documentation of laterality. Coding limitations in particular clinical terminologies do not currently allow for that level of specificity (ICD-10-CM includes laterality, but SNOMED-CT does not uniformly include this distinction). Therefore, at this time, it is not a requirement of this measure to indicate laterality of the diagnoses, findings or procedures. Available coding to capture the data elements specified in this measure has been provided. It is assumed that the eligible clinician will record laterality in the patient medical record, as quality care and clinical documentation should include laterality.

    The communication of results to the primary care physician providing ongoing care of a patient's diabetes should be completed soon after the dilated exam is performed. Eligible clinicians reporting on this measure should note that all data for the reporting year is to be submitted by the deadline established by CMS. Therefore, eligible clinicians who see patients towards the end of the reporting period (i.e., December in particular), should communicate the results of the dilated macular exam as soon as possible in order for those patients to be counted in the measure numerator. Communicating the results as soon as possible after the date of the exam will ensure the data are included in the submission to CMS.

    This eCQM is a patient-based measure.

    Telehealth encounters are not eligible for this measure because the measure requires a clinical action that cannot be conducted via telehealth.

    This version of the eCQM uses QDM version 5.6. Please refer to the eCQI resource center (https://ecqi.healthit.gov/qdm) for more information on the QDM.
Transmission Format |
    TBD
Initial Population |
    All patients aged 18 years and older with a diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy
Denominator |
    Equals Initial Population who had a dilated macular or fundus exam performed
Denominator Exclusions |
    None
Numerator |
    Patients with documentation, at least once within the measurement period, of the findings of the dilated macular or fundus exam via communication to the physician who manages the patient's diabetic care
Numerator Exclusions |
    Not Applicable
Denominator Exceptions |
    Documentation of medical reason(s) for not communicating the findings of the dilated macular or fundus exam to the physician who manages the ongoing care of the patient with diabetes.

    Documentation of patient reason(s) for not communicating the findings of the dilated macular or fundus exam to the physician who manages the ongoing care of the patient with diabetes.
Supplemental Data Elements |
    For every patient evaluated by this measure also identify payer, race, ethnicity and sex

## Table of Contents

- Population Criteria
- Definitions
- Functions
- Terminology
- Data Criteria (QDM Data Elements)
- Supplemental Data Elements
- Risk Adjustment Variables

### Population Criteria

- - Initial Population

    - -     AgeInYearsAt(date from start of "Measurement Period")>= 18
              and exists "Diabetic Retinopathy Encounter"

- - Denominator

    - -     "Initial Population"
              and exists "Macular Exam Performed"

- - Denominator Exclusions

    - -     None

- - Numerator

    - -     exists "Level of Severity of Retinopathy Findings Communicated"
              and ( exists "Macular Edema Absence Communicated"
                  or exists "Macular Edema Presence Communicated"
              )

- - Numerator Exclusions

    - -     None

- - Denominator Exceptions

    - -     exists "Medical or Patient Reason for Not Communicating Level of Severity of Retinopathy"
              or exists "Medical or Patient Reason for Not Communicating Absence of Macular Edema"
              or exists "Medical or Patient Reason for Not Communicating Presence of Macular Edema"

- - Stratification

    - -     None

### Definitions

- - Denominator

    - -     "Initial Population"
              and exists "Macular Exam Performed"

  - Denominator Exceptions

    - -     exists "Medical or Patient Reason for Not Communicating Level of Severity of Retinopathy"
              or exists "Medical or Patient Reason for Not Communicating Absence of Macular Edema"
              or exists "Medical or Patient Reason for Not Communicating Presence of Macular Edema"

  - Diabetic Retinopathy Encounter

    - -     "Qualifying Encounter During Measurement Period" ValidQualifyingEncounter
              with ["Diagnosis": "Diabetic Retinopathy"] DiabeticRetinopathy
                such that DiabeticRetinopathy.prevalencePeriod overlaps ValidQualifyingEncounter.relevantPeriod

  - Initial Population

    - -     AgeInYearsAt(date from start of "Measurement Period")>= 18
              and exists "Diabetic Retinopathy Encounter"

  - Level of Severity of Retinopathy Findings Communicated

    - -     ["Communication, Performed": "Level of Severity of Retinopathy Findings"] LevelOfSeverityCommunicated
              with "Diabetic Retinopathy Encounter" EncounterDiabeticRetinopathy
                such that LevelOfSeverityCommunicated.sentDatetime after start of EncounterDiabeticRetinopathy.relevantPeriod
                  and LevelOfSeverityCommunicated.sentDatetime during day of "Measurement Period"

  - Macular Edema Absence Communicated

    - -     ["Communication, Performed": "Macular edema absent (situation)"] MacularEdemaAbsentCommunicated
              with "Diabetic Retinopathy Encounter" EncounterDiabeticRetinopathy
                such that MacularEdemaAbsentCommunicated.sentDatetime after start of EncounterDiabeticRetinopathy.relevantPeriod
                  and MacularEdemaAbsentCommunicated.sentDatetime during day of "Measurement Period"

  - Macular Edema Presence Communicated

    - -     ["Communication, Performed": "Macular Edema Findings Present"] MacularEdemaPresentCommunicated
              with "Diabetic Retinopathy Encounter" EncounterDiabeticRetinopathy
                such that MacularEdemaPresentCommunicated.sentDatetime after start of EncounterDiabeticRetinopathy.relevantPeriod
                  and MacularEdemaPresentCommunicated.sentDatetime during day of "Measurement Period"

  - Macular Exam Performed

    - -     ["Diagnostic Study, Performed": "Macular Exam"] MacularExam
              with "Diabetic Retinopathy Encounter" EncounterDiabeticRetinopathy
                such that Global."NormalizeInterval" ( MacularExam.relevantDatetime, MacularExam.relevantPeriod ) during EncounterDiabeticRetinopathy.relevantPeriod
              where MacularExam.result is not null

  - Medical or Patient Reason for Not Communicating Absence of Macular Edema

    - -     ["Communication, Not Performed": "Macular edema absent (situation)"] MacularEdemaAbsentNotCommunicated
              with "Diabetic Retinopathy Encounter" EncounterDiabeticRetinopathy
                such that MacularEdemaAbsentNotCommunicated.authorDatetime during EncounterDiabeticRetinopathy.relevantPeriod
              where ( MacularEdemaAbsentNotCommunicated.negationRationale in "Medical Reason"
                  or MacularEdemaAbsentNotCommunicated.negationRationale in "Patient Reason"
              )

  - Medical or Patient Reason for Not Communicating Level of Severity of Retinopathy

    - -     ["Communication, Not Performed": "Level of Severity of Retinopathy Findings"] LevelOfSeverityNotCommunicated
              with "Diabetic Retinopathy Encounter" EncounterDiabeticRetinopathy
                such that LevelOfSeverityNotCommunicated.authorDatetime during EncounterDiabeticRetinopathy.relevantPeriod
              where ( LevelOfSeverityNotCommunicated.negationRationale in "Medical Reason"
                  or LevelOfSeverityNotCommunicated.negationRationale in "Patient Reason"
              )

  - Medical or Patient Reason for Not Communicating Presence of Macular Edema

    - -     ["Communication, Not Performed": "Macular Edema Findings Present"] MacularEdemaPresentNotCommunicated
              with "Diabetic Retinopathy Encounter" EncounterDiabeticRetinopathy
                such that MacularEdemaPresentNotCommunicated.authorDatetime during EncounterDiabeticRetinopathy.relevantPeriod
              where ( MacularEdemaPresentNotCommunicated.negationRationale in "Medical Reason"
                  or MacularEdemaPresentNotCommunicated.negationRationale in "Patient Reason"
              )

  - Numerator

    - -     exists "Level of Severity of Retinopathy Findings Communicated"
              and ( exists "Macular Edema Absence Communicated"
                  or exists "Macular Edema Presence Communicated"
              )

  - Qualifying Encounter During Measurement Period

    - -     ( ["Encounter, Performed": "Office Visit"]
              union ["Encounter, Performed": "Ophthalmological Services"]
              union ["Encounter, Performed": "Outpatient Consultation"]
              union ["Encounter, Performed": "Care Services in Long Term Residential Facility"]
              union ["Encounter, Performed": "Nursing Facility Visit"] ) QualifyingEncounter
              where QualifyingEncounter.relevantPeriod during "Measurement Period"
                and QualifyingEncounter.class !~ "virtual"

  - SDE Ethnicity

    - -     ["Patient Characteristic Ethnicity": "Ethnicity"]

  - SDE Payer

    - -     ["Patient Characteristic Payer": "Payer"]

  - SDE Race

    - -     ["Patient Characteristic Race": "Race"]

  - SDE Sex

    - -     ["Patient Characteristic Sex": "ONC Administrative Sex"]

### Functions

- - Global.NormalizeInterval(pointInTime DateTime, period Interval<DateTime>)

    - -     if pointInTime is not null then Interval[pointInTime, pointInTime]
              else if period is not null then period
              else null as Interval<DateTime>

### Terminology

- code "Macular edema absent (situation)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (428341000124108)")
- code "virtual" ("ActCode Code (VR)")
- valueset "Care Services in Long Term Residential Facility" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1014)
- valueset "Diabetic Retinopathy" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.327)
- valueset "Ethnicity" (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.837)
- valueset "Level of Severity of Retinopathy Findings" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1283)
- valueset "Macular Edema Findings Present" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1320)
- valueset "Macular Exam" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1251)
- valueset "Medical Reason" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1007)
- valueset "Nursing Facility Visit" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1012)
- valueset "Office Visit" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1001)
- valueset "ONC Administrative Sex" (2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1)
- valueset "Ophthalmological Services" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1285)
- valueset "Outpatient Consultation" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1008)
- valueset "Patient Reason" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1008)
- valueset "Payer" (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.3591)
- valueset "Race" (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.836)

### Data Criteria (QDM Data Elements)

- "Communication, Not Performed: Level of Severity of Retinopathy Findings" using "Level of Severity of Retinopathy Findings (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1283)"
- "Communication, Not Performed: Macular edema absent (situation)" using "Macular edema absent (situation) (SNOMEDCT Code 428341000124108)"
- "Communication, Not Performed: Macular Edema Findings Present" using "Macular Edema Findings Present (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1320)"
- "Communication, Performed: Level of Severity of Retinopathy Findings" using "Level of Severity of Retinopathy Findings (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1283)"
- "Communication, Performed: Macular edema absent (situation)" using "Macular edema absent (situation) (SNOMEDCT Code 428341000124108)"
- "Communication, Performed: Macular Edema Findings Present" using "Macular Edema Findings Present (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1320)"
- "Diagnosis: Diabetic Retinopathy" using "Diabetic Retinopathy (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.327)"
- "Diagnostic Study, Performed: Macular Exam" using "Macular Exam (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1251)"
- "Encounter, Performed: Care Services in Long Term Residential Facility" using "Care Services in Long Term Residential Facility (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1014)"
- "Encounter, Performed: Nursing Facility Visit" using "Nursing Facility Visit (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1012)"
- "Encounter, Performed: Office Visit" using "Office Visit (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1001)"
- "Encounter, Performed: Ophthalmological Services" using "Ophthalmological Services (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1285)"
- "Encounter, Performed: Outpatient Consultation" using "Outpatient Consultation (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1008)"
- "Patient Characteristic Ethnicity: Ethnicity" using "Ethnicity (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.837)"
- "Patient Characteristic Payer: Payer" using "Payer (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.3591)"
- "Patient Characteristic Race: Race" using "Race (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.836)"
- "Patient Characteristic Sex: ONC Administrative Sex" using "ONC Administrative Sex (2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1)"

### Supplemental Data Elements

- SDE Ethnicity

  - -     ["Patient Characteristic Ethnicity": "Ethnicity"]

- SDE Payer

  - -     ["Patient Characteristic Payer": "Payer"]

- SDE Race

  - -     ["Patient Characteristic Race": "Race"]

- SDE Sex

  - -     ["Patient Characteristic Sex": "ONC Administrative Sex"]

### Risk Adjustment Variables

- None

Measure Set |
    None