eCQM Title | # Pneumococcal Vaccination Status for Older Adults
eCQM Identifier (Measure Authoring Tool) | 127 | eCQM Version Number | 11.0.000
NQF Number | Not Applicable | GUID | 59657b9b-01bf-4979-a090-8534da1d0516
Measurement Period | January 1, 20XX through December 31, 20XX
Measure Steward | National Committee for Quality Assurance
Measure Developer | National Committee for Quality Assurance
Endorsed By | None
Description |
    Percentage of patients 66 years of age and older who have received a pneumococcal vaccine
Copyright |
    This Physician Performance Measure (Measure) and related data specifications are owned and were developed by the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA). NCQA is not responsible for any use of the Measure. NCQA makes no representations, warranties, or endorsement about the quality of any organization or physician that uses or reports performance measures and NCQA has no liability to anyone who relies on such measures or specifications. NCQA holds a copyright in the Measure. The Measure can be reproduced and distributed, without modification, for noncommercial purposes (e.g., use by healthcare providers in connection with their practices) without obtaining approval from NCQA. Commercial use is defined as the sale, licensing, or distribution of the Measure for commercial gain, or incorporation of the Measure into a product or service that is sold, licensed or distributed for commercial gain. All commercial uses or requests for modification must be approved by NCQA and are subject to a license at the discretion of NCQA. (C) 2012-2021 National Committee for Quality Assurance. All Rights Reserved.

    Limited proprietary coding is contained in the Measure specifications for user convenience. Users of proprietary code sets should obtain all necessary licenses from the owners of the code sets. NCQA disclaims all liability for use or accuracy of any third party codes contained in the specifications.

    CPT(R) contained in the Measure specifications is copyright 2004-2021 American Medical Association. LOINC(R) copyright 2004-2021 Regenstrief Institute, Inc. This material contains SNOMED Clinical Terms(R) (SNOMED CT[R]) copyright 2004-2021 International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation. ICD-10 copyright 2021 World Health Organization. All Rights Reserved.
Disclaimer |
    The performance Measure is not a clinical guideline and does not establish a standard of medical care, and has not been tested for all potential applications. THE MEASURE AND SPECIFICATIONS ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND.

    Due to technical limitations, registered trademarks are indicated by (R) or [R] and unregistered trademarks are indicated by (TM) or [TM].
Measure Scoring | Proportion
Measure Type | Process
Stratification |
    None
Risk Adjustment |
    None
Rate Aggregation |
    None
Rationale |
    Pneumococcal disease is a common cause of illness and death in older adults and in persons with certain underlying conditions. The major clinical syndromes of pneumococcal disease include pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis, with pneumonia being the most common (CDC 2015a). Pneumonia symptoms generally include fever, chills, pleuritic chest pain, cough with sputum, dyspnea, tachypnea, hypoxia tachycardia, malaise and weakness. There are an estimated 400,000 cases of pneumonia in the U.S. each year and a 5%–7% mortality rate, although it may be higher among older adults and adults in nursing homes (CDC 2015b; Janssens and Krause 2004).

    Pneumococcal infections result in significant health care costs each year. Geriatric patients with pneumonia require hospitalization in nearly 90 percent of cases, and their average length of stay is twice that of younger adults (Janssens and Krause 2004). Pneumonia in the older adult population is associated with high acute-care costs and an overall impact on total direct medical costs and mortality during and after an acute episode (Thomas et al., 2012). Total medical costs for Medicare beneficiaries during and one year following a hospitalization for pneumonia were found to be $15,682 higher than matched beneficiaries without pneumonia (Thomas et al., 2012). It was estimated that in 2010, the total annual excess cost of hospital-treated pneumonia in the fee-for-service Medicare population was approximately $7 billion (Thomas et al., 2012).

    Pneumococcal vaccines have been shown to be highly effective in preventing invasive pneumococcal disease. Studies show that at least one dose of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine protects between 50-85 in 100 healthy adults against invasive pneumococcal disease (CDC 2019). When comparing costs, outcomes and quality adjusted life years, immunization with recommended pneumococcal vaccines was found to be more economically efficient than no vaccination, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $25,841 per quality-adjusted life year gained (Chen et al., 2014).
Clinical Recommendation Statement |
    Adults aged >=65 years who have not previously received PCV or whose previous vaccination history is unknown should receive 1 dose of PCV (either PCV20 or PCV15). Adults aged 19–64 years with certain underlying medical conditions or other risk factors who have not previously received PCV or whose previous vaccination history is unknown should receive 1 dose of PCV (either PCV20 or PCV15).

    Dosing schedule for PCV15: When PCV15 is used, it should be followed by a dose of PPSV23. The recommended interval between administration of PCV15 and PPSV23 is >=1 year. A minimum interval of 8 weeks can be considered for adults with an immunocompromising condition, cochlear implant, or cerebrospinal fluid leak to minimize the risk for IPD caused by serotypes unique to PPSV23 in these vulnerable groups.

    Adults with previous PPSV23 only: Adults who have only received PPSV23 may receive a PCV (either PCV20 or PCV15) >=1 year after their last PPSV23 dose. When PCV15 is used in those with history of PPSV23 receipt, it need not be followed by another dose of PPSV23.

    Adults with previous PCV13: The incremental public health benefits of providing PCV15 or PCV20 to adults who have received PCV13 only or both PCV13 and PPSV23 have not been evaluated. These adults should complete the previously recommended PPSV23 series (Kobayashi et al., 2022).
Improvement Notation |
    Higher score indicates better quality
Reference |
    Reference Type: CITATION
    Reference Text: 'Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015a, June 10). Pneumococcal Disease: Symptoms and Complications.  Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/about/symptoms-complications.html'
Reference |
    Reference Type: CITATION
    Reference Text: 'Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015b, June 19). Pneumococcal Vaccination: Clinical Features. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/clinicians/clinical-features.html#pneumonia'
Reference |
    Reference Type: CITATION
    Reference Text: 'Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, November 21). Pneumococcal Vaccination: What Everyone Should Know. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/pneumo/public/index.html.'
Reference |
    Reference Type: CITATION
    Reference Text: 'Chen, J., O’Brien, M. A., Yang, H. K., et al. (2014). Cost-Effectiveness of Pneumococcal Vaccines for Adults in the United States. Advances in Therapy, 31(4), 392-409.'
Reference |
    Reference Type: CITATION
    Reference Text: 'Janssens, J. P., & Krause, K. H. (2004). Pneumonia in the very old. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 4(2), 112-124.'
Reference |
    Reference Type: CITATION
    Reference Text: 'Kobayashi M, Farrar JL, Gierke R, et al. Use of 15-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and 20-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Among U.S. Adults: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:109–117. DOI:  http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7104a1external icon'
Reference |
    Reference Type: CITATION
    Reference Text: 'Matanock, A., G. Lee, R. Gierke, M. Kobayashi, A. Leidner, T. Pilishvili. 2019. “Use of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Among Adults Aged ?65 Years: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.” MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 68:1069–75.'
Reference |
    Reference Type: CITATION
    Reference Text: 'Thomas, C.P., M. Ryan, J.D. Chapman, et al. 2012. “Incidence and Cost of Pneumonia in Medicare Beneficiaries.” Chest 142(4): 973–81.'
Definition |
    None
Guidance |
    This eCQM is a patient-based measure.

    This version of the eCQM uses QDM version 5.6. Please refer to the eCQI resource center (https://ecqi.healthit.gov/qdm) for more information on the QDM.
Transmission Format |
    TBD
Initial Population |
    Patients 66 years of age and older at the start of the measurement period with a visit during the measurement period
Denominator |
    Equals Initial Population
Denominator Exclusions |
    Exclude patients who are in hospice care for any part of the measurement period
Numerator |
    Patients who received a pneumococcal vaccination on or after their 60th birthday and before the end of the measurement period
Numerator Exclusions |
    Not Applicable
Denominator Exceptions |
    None
Supplemental Data Elements |
    For every patient evaluated by this measure also identify payer, race, ethnicity and sex

## Table of Contents

- Population Criteria
- Definitions
- Functions
- Terminology
- Data Criteria (QDM Data Elements)
- Supplemental Data Elements
- Risk Adjustment Variables

### Population Criteria

- - Initial Population

    - -     AgeInYearsAt(date from start of "Measurement Period")>= 66
              and exists "Qualifying Encounters"

- - Denominator

    - -     "Initial Population"

- - Denominator Exclusions

    - -     Hospice."Has Hospice Services"

- - Numerator

    - -     "Has Adult Pneumococcal Vaccine Administered"

- - Numerator Exclusions

    - -     None

- - Denominator Exceptions

    - -     None

- - Stratification

    - -     None

### Definitions

- - Denominator

    - -     "Initial Population"

  - Denominator Exclusions

    - -     Hospice."Has Hospice Services"

  - Has Adult Pneumococcal Vaccine Administered

    - -     exists ( ( ["Immunization, Administered": "Adult Pneumococcal Vaccine"]
                union ["Procedure, Performed": "Adult Pneumococcal Vaccine Administered"] ) PneumococcalVaccination
                where AgeInYearsAt(date from start of Global."NormalizeInterval"(PneumococcalVaccination.relevantDatetime, PneumococcalVaccination.relevantPeriod))>= 60
                  and Global."NormalizeInterval" ( PneumococcalVaccination.relevantDatetime, PneumococcalVaccination.relevantPeriod ) on or before day of
                  end of "Measurement Period"
            )

  - Hospice.Has Hospice Services

    - -     exists ( ["Encounter, Performed": "Encounter Inpatient"] InpatientEncounter
                where ( InpatientEncounter.dischargeDisposition ~ "Discharge to home for hospice care (procedure)"
                    or InpatientEncounter.dischargeDisposition ~ "Discharge to healthcare facility for hospice care (procedure)"
                )
                  and InpatientEncounter.relevantPeriod ends during day of "Measurement Period"
            )
              or exists ( ["Encounter, Performed": "Hospice Encounter"] HospiceEncounter
                  where HospiceEncounter.relevantPeriod overlaps "Measurement Period"
              )
              or exists ( ["Assessment, Performed": "Hospice care [Minimum Data Set]"] HospiceAssessment
                  where HospiceAssessment.result ~ "Yes (qualifier value)"
                    and Global."NormalizeInterval" ( HospiceAssessment.relevantDatetime, HospiceAssessment.relevantPeriod ) overlaps "Measurement Period"
              )
              or exists ( ["Intervention, Order": "Hospice Care Ambulatory"] HospiceOrder
                  where HospiceOrder.authorDatetime during day of "Measurement Period"
              )
              or exists ( ["Intervention, Performed": "Hospice Care Ambulatory"] HospicePerformed
                  where Global."NormalizeInterval" ( HospicePerformed.relevantDatetime, HospicePerformed.relevantPeriod ) overlaps "Measurement Period"
              )

  - Initial Population

    - -     AgeInYearsAt(date from start of "Measurement Period")>= 66
              and exists "Qualifying Encounters"

  - Numerator

    - -     "Has Adult Pneumococcal Vaccine Administered"

  - Qualifying Encounters

    - -     ( ["Encounter, Performed": "Office Visit"]
              union ["Encounter, Performed": "Annual Wellness Visit"]
              union ["Encounter, Performed": "Preventive Care Services Established Office Visit, 18 and Up"]
              union ["Encounter, Performed": "Preventive Care Services Initial Office Visit, 18 and Up"]
              union ["Encounter, Performed": "Home Healthcare Services"]
              union ["Encounter, Performed": "Care Services in Long Term Residential Facility"]
              union ["Encounter, Performed": "Nursing Facility Visit"]
              union ["Encounter, Performed": "Discharge Services Nursing Facility"]
              union ["Encounter, Performed": "Online Assessments"]
              union ["Encounter, Performed": "Telephone Visits"]
              union ["Encounter, Performed": "Office or other outpatient visit for the evaluation and management of an established patient, that may not require the presence of a physician or other qualified health care professional. Usually, the presenting problem(s) are minimal."] ) ValidEncounters
              where ValidEncounters.relevantPeriod during day of "Measurement Period"

  - SDE Ethnicity

    - -     ["Patient Characteristic Ethnicity": "Ethnicity"]

  - SDE Payer

    - -     ["Patient Characteristic Payer": "Payer"]

  - SDE Race

    - -     ["Patient Characteristic Race": "Race"]

  - SDE Sex

    - -     ["Patient Characteristic Sex": "ONC Administrative Sex"]

### Functions

- - Global.NormalizeInterval(pointInTime DateTime, period Interval<DateTime>)

    - -     if pointInTime is not null then Interval[pointInTime, pointInTime]
              else if period is not null then period
              else null as Interval<DateTime>

### Terminology

- code "Discharge to healthcare facility for hospice care (procedure)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (428371000124100)")
- code "Discharge to home for hospice care (procedure)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (428361000124107)")
- code "Hospice care [Minimum Data Set]" ("LOINC Code (45755-6)")
- code "Office or other outpatient visit for the evaluation and management of an established patient, that may not require the presence of a physician or other qualified health care professional. Usually, the presenting problem(s) are minimal." ("CPT Code (99211)")
- code "Yes (qualifier value)" ("SNOMEDCT Code (373066001)")
- valueset "Adult Pneumococcal Vaccine" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1161)
- valueset "Adult Pneumococcal Vaccine Administered" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1162)
- valueset "Annual Wellness Visit" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1240)
- valueset "Care Services in Long Term Residential Facility" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1014)
- valueset "Discharge Services Nursing Facility" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1013)
- valueset "Encounter Inpatient" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.666.5.307)
- valueset "Ethnicity" (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.837)
- valueset "Home Healthcare Services" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1016)
- valueset "Hospice Care Ambulatory" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1584)
- valueset "Hospice Encounter" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1003)
- valueset "Nursing Facility Visit" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1012)
- valueset "Office Visit" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1001)
- valueset "ONC Administrative Sex" (2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1)
- valueset "Online Assessments" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1089)
- valueset "Payer" (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.3591)
- valueset "Preventive Care Services Established Office Visit, 18 and Up" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1025)
- valueset "Preventive Care Services Initial Office Visit, 18 and Up" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1023)
- valueset "Race" (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.836)
- valueset "Telephone Visits" (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1080)

### Data Criteria (QDM Data Elements)

- "Assessment, Performed: Hospice care [Minimum Data Set]" using "Hospice care [Minimum Data Set] (LOINC Code 45755-6)"
- "Encounter, Performed: Annual Wellness Visit" using "Annual Wellness Visit (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1240)"
- "Encounter, Performed: Care Services in Long Term Residential Facility" using "Care Services in Long Term Residential Facility (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1014)"
- "Encounter, Performed: Discharge Services Nursing Facility" using "Discharge Services Nursing Facility (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1013)"
- "Encounter, Performed: Encounter Inpatient" using "Encounter Inpatient (2.16.840.1.113883.3.666.5.307)"
- "Encounter, Performed: Home Healthcare Services" using "Home Healthcare Services (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1016)"
- "Encounter, Performed: Hospice Encounter" using "Hospice Encounter (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1003)"
- "Encounter, Performed: Nursing Facility Visit" using "Nursing Facility Visit (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1012)"
- "Encounter, Performed: Office or other outpatient visit for the evaluation and management of an established patient, that may not require the presence of a physician or other qualified health care professional. Usually, the presenting problem(s) are minimal." using "Office or other outpatient visit for the evaluation and management of an established patient, that may not require the presence of a physician or other qualified health care professional. Usually, the presenting problem(s) are minimal. (CPT Code 99211)"
- "Encounter, Performed: Office Visit" using "Office Visit (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1001)"
- "Encounter, Performed: Online Assessments" using "Online Assessments (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1089)"
- "Encounter, Performed: Preventive Care Services Established Office Visit, 18 and Up" using "Preventive Care Services Established Office Visit, 18 and Up (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1025)"
- "Encounter, Performed: Preventive Care Services Initial Office Visit, 18 and Up" using "Preventive Care Services Initial Office Visit, 18 and Up (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1023)"
- "Encounter, Performed: Telephone Visits" using "Telephone Visits (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1080)"
- "Immunization, Administered: Adult Pneumococcal Vaccine" using "Adult Pneumococcal Vaccine (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1161)"
- "Intervention, Order: Hospice Care Ambulatory" using "Hospice Care Ambulatory (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1584)"
- "Intervention, Performed: Hospice Care Ambulatory" using "Hospice Care Ambulatory (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1584)"
- "Patient Characteristic Ethnicity: Ethnicity" using "Ethnicity (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.837)"
- "Patient Characteristic Payer: Payer" using "Payer (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.3591)"
- "Patient Characteristic Race: Race" using "Race (2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.836)"
- "Patient Characteristic Sex: ONC Administrative Sex" using "ONC Administrative Sex (2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1)"
- "Procedure, Performed: Adult Pneumococcal Vaccine Administered" using "Adult Pneumococcal Vaccine Administered (2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1162)"

### Supplemental Data Elements

- SDE Ethnicity

  - -     ["Patient Characteristic Ethnicity": "Ethnicity"]

- SDE Payer

  - -     ["Patient Characteristic Payer": "Payer"]

- SDE Race

  - -     ["Patient Characteristic Race": "Race"]

- SDE Sex

  - -     ["Patient Characteristic Sex": "ONC Administrative Sex"]

### Risk Adjustment Variables

- None

Measure Set |
    None