eCQM Title | Preventive Care and Screening: Screening for Depression and Follow-Up Plan |
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eCQM Identifier (Measure Authoring Tool) | 2 | eCQM Version Number | 10.2.000 |
NQF Number | 0418e | GUID | 9a031e24-3d9b-11e1-8634-00237d5bf174 |
Measurement Period | January 1, 20XX through December 31, 20XX | ||
Measure Steward | Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) | ||
Measure Developer | PCPI(R) Foundation (PCPI[R]) | ||
Endorsed By | National Quality Forum | ||
Description |
Percentage of patients aged 12 years and older screened for depression on the date of the encounter or up to 14 days prior to the date of the encounter using an age-appropriate standardized depression screening tool AND if positive, a follow-up plan is documented on the date of the eligible encounter |
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Copyright |
Limited proprietary coding is contained in the measure specifications for convenience. Users of the proprietary code sets should obtain all necessary licenses from the owners of these code sets. PCPI disclaims all liability for use or accuracy of any Current Procedural Terminology (CPT[R]) or other coding contained in the specifications. CPT(R) contained in the Measure specifications is copyright 2004-2019 American Medical Association. LOINC(R) is copyright 2004-2019 Regenstrief Institute, Inc. This material contains SNOMED Clinical Terms(R) (SNOMED CT[R]) copyright 2004-2019 International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation. ICD-10 is copyright 2019 World Health Organization. All Rights Reserved. |
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Disclaimer |
These performance measures are not clinical guidelines and do not establish a standard of medical care, and have not been tested for all potential applications. THE MEASURES AND SPECIFICATIONS ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND. Due to technical limitations, registered trademarks are indicated by (R) or [R]. |
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Measure Scoring | Proportion | ||
Measure Type | Process | ||
Stratification |
None |
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Risk Adjustment |
None |
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Rate Aggregation |
None |
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Rationale |
Depression is a serious medical illness associated with higher rates of chronic disease, increased health care utilization, and impaired functioning (Katon, 2003; Wells et al., 1989). 2016 U.S. survey data indicate that 12.8 percent of adolescents (3.1 million adolescents) had a major depressive episode (MDE) in the past year, with nine percent of adolescents (2.2 million adolescents) having one MDE with severe impairment. The same data indicate that 6.7 percent of adults aged 18 or older (16.2 million adults) had at least one MDE with 4.3 percent of adults (10.3 million adults) having one MDE with severe impairment in the past year (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2017). Data indicate that severity of depressive symptoms factor into having difficulty with work, home, or social activities. For example, as the severity of depressive symptoms increased, rates of having difficulty with work, home, or social activities related to depressive symptoms increased. For those twelve and older with mild depressive symptoms, 45.7% reported difficulty with activities and those with severe depressive symptoms, 88.0% reported difficulty (Pratt & Brody, 2014). Children and teens with major depressive disorder (MDD) have been found to have difficulty carrying out their daily activities, relating to others, growing up healthy, and also are at an increased risk of suicide (Siu on behalf of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [USPSTF], 2016). Additionally, perinatal depression (considered here as depression arising in the period from conception to the end of the first postnatal year) affects up to 12% of women (Woody, Ferrari, Siskind, Whiteford, & Harris, 2017). Depression and other mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders, especially during the perinatal period, can have devastating effects on women, infants, and families (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2018). Maternal suicide rates rise over hemorrhage and hypertensive disorders as a cause of maternal mortality (Palladino, Singh, Campbell, Flynn, & Gold, 2011). Negative outcomes associated with depression make it crucial to screen in order to identify and treat depression in its early stages. While Primary Care Providers (PCPs) serve as the first line of defense in the detection of depression, studies show that PCPs fail to recognize up to 50% of depressed patients (Borner, Braunstein, St. Victor, & Pollack, 2010). "In nationally representative U.S. surveys, about eight percent of adolescents reported having major depression in the past year. Only 36% to 44% of children and adolescents with depression receive treatment, suggesting that the majority of depressed youth are undiagnosed and untreated" (Siu on behalf of USPSTF, 2016, p. 360 & p. 364). Evidence supports that screening for depression in pregnant and postpartum women is of moderate net benefit and treatment options for positive depression screening should be available for patients twelve and older including pregnant and postpartum women. If preventing negative patient outcomes is not enough, the substantial economic burden of depression for individuals and society alike makes a case for screening for depression on a regular basis. Depression imposes economic burden through direct and indirect costs: "In the United States, an estimated $22.8 billion was spent on depression treatment in 2009, and lost productivity cost an additional estimated $23 billion in 2011" (Siu & USPSTF, 2016, p. 383-384). This measure seeks to align with clinical guideline recommendations as well as the Healthy People 2020 recommendation for routine screening for mental health problems as a part of primary care for both children and adults (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014) and makes an important contribution to the quality domain of community and population health. |
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Clinical Recommendation Statement |
Adolescent Recommendation (12-18 years): "The USPSTF recommends screening for MDD in adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. Screening should be implemented with adequate systems in place to ensure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and appropriate follow-up (B recommendation)" (Siu on behalf of USPSTF, 2016, p. 360). Adult Recommendation (18 years and older): "The USPSTF recommends screening for depression in the general adult population, including pregnant and postpartum women. Screening should be implemented with adequate systems in place to ensure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and appropriate follow-up (B recommendation)" (Siu & USPSTF, 2016, p. 380). The Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI) health care guideline, Adult Depression in Primary Care, provides the following recommendations: 1. "Clinicians should routinely screen all adults for depression using a standardized instrument." 2. "Clinicians should establish and maintain follow-up with patients." 3. "Clinicians should screen and monitor depression in pregnant and post-partum women." (Trangle et al., 2016, p. 8-10). |
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Improvement Notation |
Higher score indicates better quality |
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Reference |
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Committee on Obstetric Practice. (2018). ACOG Committee Opinion Number 757: Screening for perinatal depression. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 132(5), e208-e212. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002927 |
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Reference |
Borner, I., Braunstein, J. W., St. Victor, R., & Pollack, J. (2010). Evaluation of a 2-question screening tool for detecting depression in adolescents in primary care. Clinical Pediatrics, 49(10), 947-995. doi:10.1177/0009922810370203 |
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Reference |
Katon, W. J. (2003). Clinical and health services relationships between major depression, depressive symptoms, and general medical illness. Biological Psychiatry, 54(3), 216-226. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00273-7 |
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Reference |
Palladino, C. L., Singh, V., Campbell, J., Flynn, H., & Gold, K. (2011). Homicide and suicide during the perinatal period: Findings from the National Violent Death Reporting System. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 118(5), 1056-1063. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31823294da |
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Reference |
Pratt, L. A., & Brody, D. J. (2014). Depression in the U.S. household population, 2009-2012. NCHS Data Brief No. 172. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db172.pdf |
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Reference |
Siu, A. L., on behalf of USPSTF. (2016). Screening for depression in children and adolescents: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 164(5), 360-366. doi:10.7326/M15-2957 |
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Reference |
Siu, A. L., & USPSTF. (2016). Screening for depression in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Journal of the American Medical Association, 315(4), 380-387. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.18392. |
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Reference |
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2017). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FFR1-2016/NSDUH-FFR1-2016.htm |
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Reference |
Trangle, M., Gursky, J., Haight, R., Hardwig, J., Hinnenkamp, T., Kessler, D.,… Myszkowski, M. (2016). Adult depression in primary care. Bloomington, MN: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Retrieved from https://www.icsi.org/guideline/depression/ |
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Reference |
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2014). Healthy People 2020: Mental health and mental disorders. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslist.aspx?topicId=28 |
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Reference |
Wells, K. B., Stewart, A., Hays, R. D., Burnam, M. A., Rogers, W., Daniels, M., … Ware, J. (1989). The functioning and well-being of depressed patients. Results from the Medical Outcomes Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 262(7), 914-919. Abstract retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2754791 |
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Reference |
Woody, C. A., Ferrari, A. J., Siskind, D. J., Whiteford, H. A., & Harris, M. G. (2017). A systematic review and meta-regression of the prevalence and incidence of perinatal depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 219, 88-92. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.003 |
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Definition |
Screening: Completion of a clinical or diagnostic tool used to identify people at risk of developing or having a certain disease or condition, even in the absence of symptoms. Standardized Depression Screening Tool: A normalized and validated depression screening tool developed for the patient population in which it is being utilized. Examples of standardized depression screening tools include but are not limited to: * Adolescent Screening Tools (12-17 years) * Patient Health Questionnaire for Adolescents (PHQ-A) * Beck Depression Inventory-Primary Care Version (BDI-PC) * Mood Feeling Questionnaire (MFQ) * Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) * Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) * Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC-17) * PRIME MD-PHQ2 * Adult Screening Tools (18 years and older) * Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9) * Beck Depression Inventory (BDI or BDI-II) * Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) * Depression Scale (DEPS) * Duke Anxiety-Depression Scale (DADS) * Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) * Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) * PRIME MD-PHQ2 * Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) * Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (QID-SR) * Computerized Adaptive Testing Depression Inventory (CAT-DI) * Computerized Adaptive Diagnostic Screener (CAD-MDD) * Perinatal Screening Tools * Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale * Postpartum Depression Screening Scale * Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) * Beck Depression Inventory * Beck Depression Inventory-II * Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale * Zung Self-rating Depression Scale Follow-Up Plan: Documented follow-up for a positive depression screening must include one or more of the following: * Referral to a practitioner who is qualified to diagnose and treat depression * Pharmacological interventions * Other interventions or follow-up for the diagnosis or treatment of depression |
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Guidance |
A depression screen is completed on the date of the encounter or up to 14 days prior to the date of the encounter using an age-appropriate standardized depression screening tool AND if positive, a follow-up plan must be documented on the date of the encounter, such as referral to a practitioner who is qualified to treat depression, pharmacological interventions or other interventions for the treatment of depression. This eCQM is a patient-based measure. Depression screening is required once per measurement period, not at all encounters. The intent of the measure is to screen for depression in patients who have never had a diagnosis of depression or bipolar disorder prior to the eligible encounter used to evaluate the numerator. Patients who have ever been diagnosed with depression or bipolar disorder will be excluded from the measure. Screening Tools: * An age-appropriate, standardized, and validated depression screening tool must be used for numerator compliance. * The name of the age-appropriate standardized depression screening tool utilized must be documented in the medical record. * The depression screening must be reviewed and addressed in the office of the provider, filing the code, on the date of the encounter. Positive pre-screening results indicating a patient is at high risk for self-harm should receive more urgent intervention as determined by the provider practice. * The screening should occur during a qualifying encounter or up to 14 days prior to the date of the qualifying encounter. * The measure assesses the most recent depression screening completed either during the eligible encounter or within the 14 days prior to that encounter. Therefore, a clinician would not be able to complete another screening at the time of the encounter to count towards a follow-up, because that would serve as the most recent screening. In order to satisfy the follow-up requirement for a patient screening positively, the eligible clinician would need to provide one of the aforementioned follow-up actions, which does not include use of a standardized depression screening tool. Follow-Up Plan: The follow-up plan must be related to a positive depression screening, for example: "Patient referred for psychiatric evaluation due to positive depression screening." Examples of a follow-up plan include but are not limited to: * Referral to a practitioner or program for further evaluation for depression, for example, referral to a psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker, mental health counselor, or other mental health service such as family or group therapy, support group, depression management program, or other service for treatment of depression * Other interventions designed to treat depression such as behavioral health evaluation, psychotherapy, pharmacological interventions, or additional treatment options Should a patient screen positive for depression, a clinician should opt to complete a suicide risk assessment when appropriate and based on individual patient characteristics. However, for the purposes of this measure, a suicide risk assessment or additional screening using a standardized tool will not qualify as a follow-up plan. This version of the eCQM uses QDM version 5.5. Please refer to the eCQI resource center (https://ecqi.healthit.gov/qdm) for more information on the QDM. |
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Transmission Format |
TBD |
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Initial Population |
All patients aged 12 years and older at the beginning of the measurement period with at least one eligible encounter during the measurement period |
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Denominator |
Equals Initial Population |
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Denominator Exclusions |
Patients who have been diagnosed with depression or with bipolar disorder |
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Numerator |
Patients screened for depression on the date of the encounter or up to 14 days prior to the date of the encounter using an age-appropriate standardized tool AND if positive, a follow-up plan is documented on the date of the eligible encounter |
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Numerator Exclusions |
Not Applicable |
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Denominator Exceptions |
Patient Reason(s) Patient refuses to participate OR Medical Reason(s) Documentation of medical reason for not screening patient for depression (e.g., cognitive, functional, or motivational limitations that may impact accuracy of results; patient is in an urgent or emergent situation where time is of the essence and to delay treatment would jeopardize the patient's health status) |
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Supplemental Data Elements |
For every patient evaluated by this measure also identify payer, race, ethnicity and sex |
"Patient Age 12 Years or Older at Start of Measurement Period" and exists ( "Qualifying Encounter During Measurement Period" )
"Initial Population"
exists "History of Bipolar or Depression Diagnosis Before Qualifying Encounter"
( "Patient Age 12 to 16 Years at Start of Measurement Period" and ( "Has Most Recent Adolescent Screening Negative" or exists "Most Recent Adolescent Screening Positive and Follow Up Provided" ) ) or ( "Patient Age 17 Years at Start of Measurement Period" and ( "Has Most Recent Adolescent Screening Negative" or exists "Most Recent Adolescent Screening Positive and Follow Up Provided" or "Has Most Recent Adult Screening Negative" or exists "Most Recent Adult Depression Screening Positive and Follow Up Provided" ) ) or ( "Patient Age 18 Years or Older at Start of Measurement Period" and ( "Has Most Recent Adult Screening Negative" or exists "Most Recent Adult Depression Screening Positive and Follow Up Provided" ) )
None
( exists "Medical or Patient Reason for Not Screening Adolescent for Depression" and not "Has Adolescent Depression Screening" ) or ( exists "Medical or Patient Reason for Not Screening Adult for Depression" and not "Has Adult Depression Screening" )
None
"Initial Population"
( exists "Medical or Patient Reason for Not Screening Adolescent for Depression" and not "Has Adolescent Depression Screening" ) or ( exists "Medical or Patient Reason for Not Screening Adult for Depression" and not "Has Adult Depression Screening" )
exists "History of Bipolar or Depression Diagnosis Before Qualifying Encounter"
["Medication, Order": "Adolescent Depression Medications"] union ["Intervention, Order": "Referral for Adolescent Depression"] union ["Intervention, Performed": "Follow Up for Adolescent Depression"]
["Medication, Order": "Adult Depression Medications"] union ["Intervention, Order": "Referral for Adult Depression"] union ["Intervention, Performed": "Follow Up for Adult Depression"]
exists ( ["Assessment, Performed": "Adolescent depression screening assessment"] AdolescentScreening with "Qualifying Encounter During Measurement Period" QualifyingEncounter such that AdolescentScreening.relevantDatetime 14 days or less on or before day of start of QualifyingEncounter.relevantPeriod and AdolescentScreening.result is not null )
exists ( ["Assessment, Performed": "Adult depression screening assessment"] AdultScreening with "Qualifying Encounter During Measurement Period" QualifyingEncounter such that AdultScreening.relevantDatetime 14 days or less on or before day of start of QualifyingEncounter.relevantPeriod and AdultScreening.result is not null )
( "Most Recent Adolescent Depression Screening" AdolescentScreen where AdolescentScreen.result in "Negative Depression Screening" ) is not null
( "Most Recent Adult Depression Screening" AdultScreen where AdultScreen.result in "Negative Depression Screening" ) is not null
( ["Diagnosis": "Bipolar Diagnosis"] union ["Diagnosis": "Depression Diagnosis"] ) DiagnosisBipolarorDepression with "Qualifying Encounter During Measurement Period" QualifyingEncounter such that DiagnosisBipolarorDepression.prevalencePeriod starts before QualifyingEncounter.relevantPeriod
"Patient Age 12 Years or Older at Start of Measurement Period" and exists ( "Qualifying Encounter During Measurement Period" )
["Assessment, Not Performed": "Adolescent depression screening assessment"] NoAdolescentScreen with "Qualifying Encounter During Measurement Period" QualifyingEncounter such that NoAdolescentScreen.authorDatetime during QualifyingEncounter.relevantPeriod where ( NoAdolescentScreen.negationRationale in "Patient Declined" or NoAdolescentScreen.negationRationale in "Medical Reason" )
["Assessment, Not Performed": "Adult depression screening assessment"] NoAdultScreen with "Qualifying Encounter During Measurement Period" QualifyingEncounter such that NoAdultScreen.authorDatetime during QualifyingEncounter.relevantPeriod where ( NoAdultScreen.negationRationale in "Patient Declined" or NoAdultScreen.negationRationale in "Medical Reason" )
Last(["Assessment, Performed": "Adolescent depression screening assessment"] AdolescentDepressionScreening with "Qualifying Encounter During Measurement Period" QualifyingEncounter such that AdolescentDepressionScreening.relevantDatetime 14 days or less on or before day of start of QualifyingEncounter.relevantPeriod and AdolescentDepressionScreening.result is not null sort by relevantDatetime )
from "Most Recent Adolescent Depression Screening" LastAdolescentScreen, "Follow Up For Positive Adolescent Depression Screening" FollowUpPositiveAdolescentScreen, "Qualifying Encounter During Measurement Period" QualifyingEncounter where LastAdolescentScreen.relevantDatetime 14 days or less on or before day of start of QualifyingEncounter.relevantPeriod and LastAdolescentScreen.result in "Positive Depression Screening" and ( FollowUpPositiveAdolescentScreen.authorDatetime same day as end of QualifyingEncounter.relevantPeriod or FollowUpPositiveAdolescentScreen.relevantDatetime same day as end of QualifyingEncounter.relevantPeriod )
Last(["Assessment, Performed": "Adult depression screening assessment"] AdultDepressionScreening with "Qualifying Encounter During Measurement Period" QualifyingEncounter such that AdultDepressionScreening.relevantDatetime 14 days or less on or before day of start of QualifyingEncounter.relevantPeriod and AdultDepressionScreening.result is not null sort by relevantDatetime )
from "Most Recent Adult Depression Screening" LastAdultScreen, "Follow Up for Positive Adult Depression Screening" FollowUpPositiveAdultScreen, "Qualifying Encounter During Measurement Period" QualifyingEncounter where LastAdultScreen.relevantDatetime 14 days or less on or before day of start of QualifyingEncounter.relevantPeriod and LastAdultScreen.result in "Positive Depression Screening" and ( FollowUpPositiveAdultScreen.authorDatetime same day as end of QualifyingEncounter.relevantPeriod or FollowUpPositiveAdultScreen.relevantDatetime same day as end of QualifyingEncounter.relevantPeriod )
( "Patient Age 12 to 16 Years at Start of Measurement Period" and ( "Has Most Recent Adolescent Screening Negative" or exists "Most Recent Adolescent Screening Positive and Follow Up Provided" ) ) or ( "Patient Age 17 Years at Start of Measurement Period" and ( "Has Most Recent Adolescent Screening Negative" or exists "Most Recent Adolescent Screening Positive and Follow Up Provided" or "Has Most Recent Adult Screening Negative" or exists "Most Recent Adult Depression Screening Positive and Follow Up Provided" ) ) or ( "Patient Age 18 Years or Older at Start of Measurement Period" and ( "Has Most Recent Adult Screening Negative" or exists "Most Recent Adult Depression Screening Positive and Follow Up Provided" ) )
exists ["Patient Characteristic Birthdate": "Birth date"] BirthDate where Global."CalendarAgeInYearsAt" ( BirthDate.birthDatetime, start of "Measurement Period" ) < 17
exists ["Patient Characteristic Birthdate": "Birth date"] BirthDate where Global."CalendarAgeInYearsAt" ( BirthDate.birthDatetime, start of "Measurement Period" ) >= 12
exists ["Patient Characteristic Birthdate": "Birth date"] BirthDate where Global."CalendarAgeInYearsAt" ( BirthDate.birthDatetime, start of "Measurement Period" ) = 17
exists ["Patient Characteristic Birthdate": "Birth date"] BirthDate where Global."CalendarAgeInYearsAt" ( BirthDate.birthDatetime, start of "Measurement Period" ) >= 18
( ["Encounter, Performed": "Encounter to Screen for Depression"] union ["Encounter, Performed": "Physical Therapy Evaluation"] ) ValidEncounter where ValidEncounter.relevantPeriod during "Measurement Period"
["Patient Characteristic Ethnicity": "Ethnicity"]
["Patient Characteristic Payer": "Payer"]
["Patient Characteristic Race": "Race"]
["Patient Characteristic Sex": "ONC Administrative Sex"]
years between ToDate(BirthDateTime)and ToDate(AsOf)
DateTime(year from Value, month from Value, day from Value, 0, 0, 0, 0, timezoneoffset from Value)
["Patient Characteristic Ethnicity": "Ethnicity"]
["Patient Characteristic Payer": "Payer"]
["Patient Characteristic Race": "Race"]
["Patient Characteristic Sex": "ONC Administrative Sex"]
Measure Set |
Preventive Care and Screening |
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